Adult Psych chp 3 test review

jane loevinger

-addressed stages of ego development in adulthood -one becomes aware of discrepancies between conventions and one's own behavior -we can develop cognitive complexity, impulse control, individualism, a balance between autonomy and mutuality, and personality integration.

baltimore study

-an ongoing study of physical, psychological, and behavioral change -personality traits are more stable than gender roles -older adults cope with stress by either trying to eliminate the stressor (problem focused coping) or reframing the meaning of the stressor (emotion based)

the elder-like study

-assessed coping mechanisms and consequences for women to lived through the great depression -middle class learned to be self-reliant, resourceful, and more confident through coping with hardship -working class women without educational or financial resources suffered higher rates of depression and lower self esteem -wealthy women who had not suffered deprivation during the depression did no develop adequate coping mechanisms to deal with aging

development models

-distinct stages or phases from the life cycle proceeding from infancy through old age -emphasize the ways in which we are similar across the life course -look at physical, psychological, and social aspects of development

erik erikson

-emphasized interactions between genetics and environment throughout the lifespan -epigenetic principle: an innate structure of development where new skills build upon previous development -each stage of life is identified with a developmental task -there may be a positive or negative resolution to each stage -we can revisit stages later on

daniel levinson

-focused on men's adult lives -life cycle is a sequence of eras, each with its ow bio-psycho-social character -cross-era transitions: relate to the overlap from one era to the next -the life structure is the underlying pattern or design of a person's life with a primary component of relationships

exchange theory:

-individuals and groups act to maximize rewards and minimize costs -interaction will be maintained if it is more rewarding than costly -dependence on another person decreases one's power in that relationship

gender development

-intrinsic characteristics are biologically mandated while extrinsic characteristics are formed by changes in the social structure -the post parental transition involves a blurring of the gender distinctions with men becoming more nurturing and women becoming more assertive -cross-cultural evidence suggests this blurring is intrinsic

gender splitting

-levinson's concept referring to a sharp division between feminine and masculine aspects of life -these divisions can be seen in household chores, traditional occupations, and even leisure activities between men and women.

gerotanscendence

-refers to older adults as selectively investing in some relationships over others -many older adults seek a balance between being social and being alone -comfort in voluntary alone time has been related to lower depression, fewer physical symptoms, and greater life satisfaction -older adults who are ill, frail, or preparing for death may choose solitude

midlife characteristics

-role changes: children leaving home -caring for aging parents -letting go of roles and activities that are no longer possible -coping with biological changes (i.e. menopause) -experiencing peak work competence, professional respect, and earnings -juggling all of one's responsibilities simultaneously

carl jung

-shifted focus from sexuality to the potential of the unconscious to contribute positively to growth -described the adult psyche in the language of mythology -individuals develop internal self potential after 40 through balancing competing opposites: feminine and masculine, love and power, introversion and extroversion. -disagrees with freud's sexual emphasis -shadow: repressed childhood desires/ attributes

activity theory

-suggests that meaningful social activity is the essence of life for all people of all ages -predicts that those who remain physically, mentally, and socially active will be more likely to achieve a positive self image, social integration, and satisfaction with life -defines successful aging in relationship to life satisfaction

the identification of eras, phases, or stages:

-the distinctions between life periods are blurring, with more flexibility now than in the past. -our social identities might change over time -globalization has lessened cultural dictates as well -various life stones can no longer correlate with stages or age in life: marriage, grandparents, education

the maas-kuypers study

-tracked personality over a 40 year period -found personality to be stable throughout adulthood -negativity in youth was linked to fear, withdrawal and dissatisfaction in old age -positive outlook in youth predicted high self esteem and satisfaction in old age

havinghursts tasks of late life

1. adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health 2. adjusting retirement and reduced income 3. adjusting to the death of a spouse 4. establishing an explicit association with one's age group 5. adopting and adapting societal roles in a flexible way 6. establishing satisfactory physical arrangements

generations and events

a generation has common beliefs and behaviors a common location in history and perceived common membership historical events such as the Great Depression or 9/11 shape development differently, depending on one's age when they occur

age cohorts

a group of individuals who experience life experiences and historical events at the same stage of biological and physical development -baby boomers are characterized as hippies, draft dodgers, and protestors -generation hers are characterized as whiners and slackers who have experienced technological advances, good economic times, and little competition

empty nest syndrome

a midlife depression for some women whose energies have been focused on children rearing.

research on the perception of self over time suggests that many people expect:

a peak in integrity in late life, and a peak in generatively in midlife. they anticipate high levels of well being in midlife and later

pathological aging

a physical state based on disease or injury rather than just an outcome of the aging process

longitudinal studies

a research model that studies people over several years -these studies allow researchers to observe development over time and within contexts -there are very few longitudinal research studies focusing on older adults so we value highly those that are available

role

a status or position which carries known attributes -change as people age

the midlife crisis represents:

a turning point: a change in the narrative of early adulthood. the change may or may not be experienced as a crisis. the importance in this narrative of change is in terms of the context; the particular historical time and culture

Which theorists viewed midlife crisis as a declining decade when individuals begin to see the end of their prime years? a. Jacques, Levinson, and Sheehy b. Freud and Jung c. Erickson and Jacques d. Jung, Sheehy, and Levinson

a. Jacques, Levinson, and Sheehy

Each of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development involve positive or negative resolution of a. a developmental task or challenge. b. an unconscious desire. c. a moral dilemma. d. an instinctual crisis.

a. a developmental task or challenge.

The primary components of a life structure in Levinson's theory are a. a person's relationships with others. b. the feelings of personal efficacy and achievement. c. cognitive and intellectual capabilities. d. self-awareness.

a. a person's relationships with others.

An intergroup perspective in the developmental study of aging focuses on a. a shared assumption of a specific group. b. interactions among people of different generations. c. economic and political conflict among competing age categories. d. early family influences on attitudes as one ages.

a. a shared assumption of a specific group.

According to Levinson's study on the seasons of a woman's life it was concluded that a. both men and women follow the same basic pattern across each season of life. b. women have more seasons than men. c. women outnumber men. d. women are more dominant than men.

a. both men and women follow the same basic pattern across each season of life.

Continuity theorists suggest a. growing old is a process of becoming. b. growing old is a state of mind. c. older adults must continue to learn in order to age successfully. d. men and women age differently.

a. growing old is a process of becoming.

The primary and profound task of Erkson's final stage is to a. interpret all the experiences of our life as having purpose. b. integrate all stages of life. c. integrate young to middle age stages. d. support other and create a legacy.

a. interpret all the experiences of our life as having purpose.

Pathological aging a. is a physical state based on disease or injury. b. is an outcome of the aging process itself. c. will eventually occur to everyone. d. All of these choices

a. is a physical state based on disease or injury.

Which of the following metaphors is most likely to view human development to be dictated by determining forces, such as biology? a. mechanistic b. organic c. emergent self d. transcendent self

a. mechanistic

Jung believed that after age 40 a. people develop their internal self potential through balancing of competing opposites. b. repressed childhood desires determine future personality development. c. the personality has become rigid, no longer capable of change. d. life choices are determined primarily by internalization of societal expectations.

a. people develop their internal self potential through balancing of competing opposites.

The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging found that _________ is the key modifier of personality continuity. a. stress b. gender role c. physical health d. social interaction

a. stress

According to developmental psychologists, as individuals mature a. their attitudes and behaviors dramatically change in an orderly fashion from stage of life to another. b. all humans show the same human tendency of change in attitudes and behaviors. c. during different periods of adulthood, we have different levels of awareness of our own aging. d. the unconscious plays a role in determining behaviors.

a. their attitudes and behaviors dramatically change in an orderly fashion from stage of life to another.

In contrast to traits, "states" are a. transient aspects of the personality. b. enduring response patterns that an individual exhibits in many different contexts. c. basic tendencies that define the core potential of a person. d. aspects of the personality that are consistent over a person's lifetime.

a. transient aspects of the personality.

In young adulthood, friends appear to help people a. with the task of becoming an independent, autonomous person. b. internalize the social expectations of society. c. consciously focus on the aging process. d. maintain intimate ties with their families. e. All of these choices

a. with the task of becoming an independent, autonomous person.

age norms

are role expectations at various age levels, such as when to go to school, marry, retire -lessening in the US

Which age cohort has been labeled as "baby bust"? a. baby boomers b. Generation X c. lost generation d. Generation Y

b. Generation X

The Mass-Kuypers longitudinal study of coping found a. fearful oldsters were much confident and happier in young adulthood. b. anxious young mothers became restless and dissatisfied in old age. c. defensive elderly had been outgoing in early adulthood. d. Cheerfulness in young adulthood was unrelated to personality attributes in old age.

b. anxious young mothers became restless and dissatisfied in old age.

According to Erikson, intimacy is the main issue of growth and development in a. childhood. b. early adulthood. c. middle adulthood. d. old age.

b. early adulthood.

Which metaphor is most likely to focus on motivations as primary factors shaping development? a. information processing b. emergent self c. transcendent self d. organic

b. emergent self

For young adults who are part of cultural minorities, acculturation is association with all of the following EXCEPT a. helping them assimilate into the economic system of society. b. fostering their sense of self over the life course. c. feeling a need to abandon their cultural identity. d. disruption of their relationships with parents and grandparents.

b. fostering their sense of self over the life course.

Positive resolution of Erikson's final stage of life is most likely to involve a. forming and maintaining intimate relationships. b. giving an interpretation of one's life as having purpose. c. forgetting all one's bad experiences in life. d. apologizing or trying to make amends for one's past mistakes or wrongdoings.

b. giving an interpretation of one's life as having purpose.

Studies show that the elderly experience higher life satisfaction if they a. view rewards as external—due to luck, change, or powerful others. b. have an internal locus of control. c. have as much emotional support as possible. d. have unlimited tangible assistance.

b. have an internal locus of control.

Psychologist, David Gutmann believes that a. women become nurturing during midlife b. males become more nurturing during midlife c. both men and women become nurturing later in life d. males become more like wardens later in life.

b. males become more nurturing during midlife

In the Elder-Liker longitudinal study of those who lived during the Great Depression, a. those who lost everything during the Depression were happy in old age. b. middle-class women who struggled successfully during the Depression were more able to cope with old age. c. the wealthy who did not struggle during the Depression were happier in old age. d. the Depression took its toll on all social classes and reduced their long term effectiveness in coping with life.

b. middle-class women who struggled successfully during the Depression were more able to cope with old age.

The ________ metaphor views development potential within the person rather than in the environment. a. mechanistic b. organic d. emergent self e. transcendent self

b. organic

Jung's concept of interiority refers to the a. influence of internal physiological processes on human development. b. process of self-reflection that begins to take place about mid-life. c. mature individual's focus on his or her inner circle of friends and family. d. unconscious motivations that derive from past experiences.

b. process of self-reflection that begins to take place about mid-life.

Ego resiliency is a. the process by which young adults psychologically separate from their parents. b. the capacity for flexible and resourceful adaptation to internal and external stressors. c. unrelated to midlife transitions or crises. d. a self-fulfilling prophecy by which those who anticipate a midlife crisis will experience one.

b. the capacity for flexible and resourceful adaptation to internal and external stressors.

A study monitoring the stress patterns of people relocated to different nursing homes found that the very old a. were more likely than younger olds to maintain stable personality traits. b. were unique—discontinuity and change in coping patterns was the rule. c. coped most successfully by surrendering to loss of control of themselves. d. no longer viewed issues of death and the finality of their lives as important.

b. were unique—discontinuity and change in coping patterns was the rule.

Continuity theory assumes a. adult children will age like their parents. b. people do not develop a core personality until middle-age. c. a person's adaptation to old age can be predicted from his adaptation to young adulthood and middle age. d. people do not adopt sufficient coping mechanisms for stress and frustration until their senior years.

c. a person's adaptation to old age can be predicted from his adaptation to young adulthood and middle age.

The developmental tasks in each stage are _________ based. a. emotionally b. biologically c. culturally d. instinctually

c. culturally

Menopause, in itself, involves all of the following EXCEPT a. decreased bodily production of estrogen. b. loss of fertility. c. diminished sexuality. d. symptoms such as hot flashes, genital atrophy, urinary tract changes, and loss of bone density.

c. diminished sexuality.

All of the following will promote optimal aging in late life, according to Havighurst, EXCEPT a. adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health. b. adopting and adapting societal roles in a flexible way. c. establishing an explicit association with a younger age group. d. establishing satisfactory physical arrangements.

c. establishing an explicit association with a younger age group.

Which metaphor emphasizes cognitive processes and multiple potentials from internal and external sources? a. organic b. mechanistic c. information processing d. emergent self

c. information processing

According to Erikson, trust learned in infancy evolves into ________ in old age. a. distrust b. autonomy and independence c. knowledge of how interdependent we are d. feelings of inferiority and incompetency

c. knowledge of how interdependent we are

"Looking-glass self" refers to the a. view of our life structure as we reflect back on our past experiences. b. set of behavioral expectations others have for us. c. reflections of self that come from the appraisals of others. d. set of goals one sets for themselves at particular ages.

c. reflections of self that come from the appraisals of others.

Current research regarding the midlife crisis indicates a. it is inevitable for virtually all men and women. b. if it occurs, it does so between the ages of 35 and 40, seldom later. c. the midlife experience is more a normal life transition than a crisis. d. the midlife crisis is a female, not a male, phenomenon.

c. the midlife experience is more a normal life transition than a crisis.

cross sectional studies

compare cohorts at different ages at the same time -are quick and easy to run, but may be confounding age and cohort affects -find significant differences in coping strategies or the young-old and the oldest-old -focusing on the past may be a successful coping strategy for the very old

generativity:

concern for society's wellness

disengagement theory

contends that it is normal to reduce activity and seek more passive role as one ages sees disengagement as a mutual withdrawal of the elderly from society and society from the elderly has generated great deal of criticism and has little empirical support

Developmentalists usually define the "very-old" as ages ____ and older. a. 75 b. 80 c. 85 d. 90

d. 90

The distinction between _________ illustrates "gender-splitting," according to Levinson? a. the domestic and public occupational world b. male husband/father provisioner and female wife/mother homemaker c. the linkage between masculinity and authority d. All of these choices

d. All of these choices

Which of the following are contributing to the blurring of life periods? a. change in the times of marriage and childbearing b. patterns of divorce and remarriage c. flexibility in entering jobs and changing careers d. All of these choices

d. All of these choices

Loevinger believes that as the adult ego develops, individuals a. begin to lose impulse control. b. usually become happier and more fulfilled. c. are less able to suppress unconscious and instinctual drives . d. become aware of discrepancies between conventions and their own behavior.

d. become aware of discrepancies between conventions and their own behavior.

Erikson's concept of "generativity" refers to a. procreative or reproductive capacity. b. development of intimacy. c. self-absorption. d. concern for the welfare of society

d. concern for the welfare of society

Middle age typically is a time of a. having to cope with decreasing competence. b. psychologically separating from the family into which one was born or adopted. c. adjusting to decreased physical strength and health. d. deciding which roles one might still fill and which to abandon.

d. deciding which roles one might still fill and which to abandon.

Studies of self-concepts of middle age people suggest a. self-esteem is considerably lower than in young adulthood. b. people in their 50s no longer view themselves as young. c. social reminders of age are not yet apparent to most middle age. d. many people expect a peak in generativity in midlife.

d. many people expect a peak in generativity in midlife.

The empty nest syndrome is a. mostly likely to occur when young children start to school. b. depression felt when an adult child returns home after divorce or losing a job. c. the new sense of life satisfaction when adult children move away from home. d. more likely to be experienced by women whose energies focused on childrearing.

d. more likely to be experienced by women whose energies focused on childrearing.

Personality types firmly connected to early adult life behaviors have a. open features. b. positive features. c. closed features. d. negative features.

d. negative features.

The _______ metaphor is particular helpful to understanding wisdom and issues concerning preparation for one's death. a. mechanistic b. information processing c. emergent self d. transcendent self

d. transcendent self

Sigmund Freud would most likely explain differences in psychological development of the elderly by a. personality changes that occur with aging. b. genetic variations among individuals. c. differences in physical health. d. unconscious fears formed early in childhood.

d. unconscious fears formed early in childhood.

quantitative development

development emphasizes changes in the number or amount of something

qualitative development

emphasizes narratives, as well as transformations of thoughts or behaviors

emergent metaphor

emphasizes our choices and motivations determining our development

. Jung and Freud were the first modern voices to focus on adult personality development.

false

A metaphor is a figure of speech and cannot give descriptions of theories.

false

According to Levinson, cross-era transitions usually last about one year.

false

Erikson's theory is unidirectional—once we have passed a stage, we can never revisit it.

false

Levinson's explains that through our life structure we are able to address the question, "What kind of person am I?"

false

Life transitions normally end about age 65.

false

Major role changes and events occur in the 20s and 30s.

false

Men in young adulthood tend to have more fears of aging than young adult women.

false

Middle-age people tend to have more friends than any other age group.

false

Race, gender, and ethnicity serve to shape life opportunities but not lifestyles.

false

sigmund freud

father of the pschyoanalytic perspective: -unconscious psychological processes affect our thoughts and behaviors -influences from early childhood shape the rest of our lives. -human behavior and motivation are driven by instincts emphasizing sex and aggression

the development perspective

focuses on the unfolding process of the individual -there are many different paths the adult development can take (one usually better than others ) -maturity develops and attitudes and behaviors change

intergroup perspective

identification by social group; there is a shared assumption within the group. leads to the process of stereotyping and maybe even prejudice bc we make assumptions about everyone potentially in that group

humility:

in old age we develop it; a realistic appreciation of our limits

in 1996 levinson's second major longitudinal study, the seasons of a woman's life, was published:

in this study, he attempted to develop a mode of the structure of women's lives including the significance of gender. his study concluded that there were wide variations in the ways which the genders transverse each period, but the basic pattern remains the same for both sexes

information processing metaphor

individual competency in cognition with internal and external sources of potential

locus of control

internal: person sees his or her own actions bringing on rewards or changes external: person sees rewards due to fate, luck, change, or powerful others -supportive relationships with family and friends are linked to internal locus of control in later life -those with an internal locus of control tend to employ problem-based coping strategies to change their situations for the better

successful aging

involves a complex variety of factors : -is influenced by gender, health status, socioeconomic status, and attitude toward levels of activity -activities that are highly valued by an individual help to confirm identities, bolster self esteem and increase life satisfaction

age grading

meant that age is a prime criterion in determining the opportunities people may enjoy

instead of midlife crisis, we should view it as:

midlife transitions - such times which are marked by feelings of uncertainty and instability, eventually a result in some kind of adaptation.

ethnicity

one's identification with a subgroup having a unique set of values, traditions, or aguage

continuity theory

personality is stable once established -a persons adaptations to young adulthood and middle age predict that a person's general pattern of adaptation to old age -personality traits are central to adaptation, with individual coping strategies developed over time -we become "more ourselves" as we go

transitions:

points as which the person's development moves between one phrase and the next

in regard to the activity theory studies found that:

positive personal adjustment correlates highly with activity: the more active a person is, the better adjusted they are

norm of reciprocity

refers to a social rule requiring us to return favors

Gutmann's research on gender found that the path towards opposite characteristics is intrinsic:

regardless of the cause of the initial gender behavior, around midlife males begin to grow more nurturing and women grow more executive. he named this cross over effect the "post parental transition"

norm of equity

requires balanced benefit in a relationship in order for it to be comfortable

norm of beneficence

requires us to act our of loyalty, gratitude, and faithfulness toward this who cannot reciprocate

an anthropological study of patterns of interaction in a nursing home where elders have little choice to pull away from social contact showed:

residents to engage in sitting time and giving time; sitting time was considered silence which residents transcended the borders of pas and future time to live in a sacred present or limbo time. giving time was characterized by limitless concern for the health and well being of one another .

organic metaphor

sees the individual unfolding like a flower, with internal potential being realized

in regard to activity theory durkeheims concept of anomie states that

some individuals in a society are in a norms state. these individuals lack a consensus on rules to guide their behavior and therefore receive no support or guidance form society

gender roles

the cultural aspects of being male or female which carry different levels of status in society

life review/ reminiscence

the process that takes part in erikson's final stage; it involves remembering and telling stories, sorting through and adjusting or arranging remembered events into a cohesive life story

transcendent self metaphor

the self is shaped by experiences beyond individual ego, and includes spirituality

in regard to gerotranscendence, a survey found that

there is comfort in being alone with a relation to lower depression, fewer physical symptoms, and greater life satisfaction in a survey.

students who were asked "what is your personal reaction to growing old?"

there were varied responses indicating: -as you get older, you become wise, less caring of time, and are not in a big rush as much as when you were younger -look forward to growing old and having the luxury of getting to live -i hate the fact that i have to grow old. my biggest fear is looking old -scared to be alone -cant wait for less complexity

a study assessed ego resiliency at age 43 and again at age 52:

they found that ego resiliency at age 43 predicted life adjustments at age 52. whether a midlife transition becomes a crisis seemed to depend on the ability, developed along the life path, for the ego to be resilient when faced with ambiguity and stress

a study of women in three american cultures mormon, Appalachian, and Amish, found that

through the activity of quilting, generativity was expressed and enhanced. the behaviors contributed to well-being and psychosocial development of women as well as betterment of the community and rising generations.

acculturation

to give up cultural roots and embrace a culture that is different from one's own

late life

today people spend about one- third of their lifespan in their old age -losses do occur but are often counterbalanced with gains -changes must be viewed contextually as normative, pathological, or optimal

ego resources:

tools for developing the identity

An individual's reactions and adjustments to changes in middle age affect his or her reactions and adjustments to old age.

true

Freud explained human behavior by unconscious forces, rather than human reason.

true

Grandparenting is a manifestation of generativity.

true

Most young people postpone marriage and having children.

true

Theories are empirical observations we make.

true

narrative metaphor

views development as the story of a person's life

mechanistic metaphor

views the person as a machine, with development dictated by determining forces, such as biology

young adulthood

years 18-35 -establishing identities and occupational goals, with increasing independence from parents -midlife crisis: a popular concept, but has little empirical support as a universal stage -increasingly seen as a midlife transition or turning point -ego-resiliency is the general capacity for flexible and resourceful adaptation to eternal and internal stressors