adv ex physio exam 1

the enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in

all- sparing of blood glucose, increased uptake fatty acids, decreased utilization of muscle glycogen

physical activity is defined as

any form of muscular activity

the clustering of two or more diseases is called

a comorbidity

4-10 weeks of anaerobic training can increase the peak anaerobic capacity by _______ across individuals

3-25%

the average vo2 max value for the young male sedentary population is approximately

45 ml/kg/min

in general, an optimal aerobic exercise training intensity to improve VO2 max is

60-80 VO2 max

the risk of cardiac complication during exercise is

directly related to the degree of pre-existing cardiac disease

p38

increases due to an increase in free radicals, and contributes to the increase in PGC-1a, which results in an increase in the fast to slow fiber type shift, mitochondrial biogenesis, and synthesis of antioxidant enzymes

NFkB

increases due to an increase in free radicals, and contributes to the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes

the Karvonen method of calculating the "heart rate reserve" is computed as

maximal heart rate minus resting heart rate

the removal of damaged mitochondria in skeletal muscle and other cells is called

mitophagy

the term cross-education refers to

the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength increases in the untrained limb

in resting skeletal muscle fibers, Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) activation of mTOR is inhibited by

tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)

4 signal transduction pathways in skeletal muscle

1. mechanical stimuli 2. increases in cellular calcium 3. elevated free radicals 4. decreases in muscle phosphate/energy levels

the relative risk ratio of developing coronary heart disease due to physical inactivity is about

1.9

endurance exercise training programs typically results in a

15-25% improvement in VO2 max

following a single bout of resistance exercise training, muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above sedentary levels for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained individuals

35-50 hours

type 1 diabetes typically develops early in life and represents about __% of those with diabetes

5

heritability determines approximately ______% of VO2 max variability in sedentary adults

50

high responders to endurance exercise training can achieve up to _____ improvement in VO2 max following a prolonged and intense training program

50

a single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ___% above resting levels

50-150

it is recommended that MVPA should be performed for approximately ______ MET-min/week

500-1000

exercise guidelines indicate vigorous-intensity physical activity should be performed at least _____ minutes/week, while moderate-intensity physical activity be performed at least ____ minutes/week

75, 150

it is estimated that ____% of the differences in muscle mass between individuals can be explained by genetic variation

80

the majority of epidemiological studies observe a greater reduction in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease with an aerobic exercise training intensity

> 6 mets

in general, the risk of orthopedic and cardiac complications associated with exercise training increases at exercise intensities

>80 % VO2 max

in theory, concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training can impair muscle protein synthesis following a bout of resistance exercise. the proposed mechanism to explain this inhibition is

AMP kinase activation of TSC2

the relationship between regular PA and cancer prevention is best described by which of the following

Physically active individuals can lower their changes of contracting many major forms of cancer by 12-25%

which of the following factors DO NOT contribute to the decline in VO2 observed during 84 days of detraining

a decrease in maximal HR

for a given person, 80% of HRR is __________ to 80% HRmax

a higher intensity as compared

which of the following individuals would gain the greatest health benefits from changing their level of physical activity

a sedentary person who becomes moderately active

many heart attacks and strokes occur because of

a sudden rupture of plaque that triggers a blood clot

several factors contribute to neural drive. which one of the following factors is NOT a contributor to neural drive

activation of the Golgi tendon organ

preload

aka end diastolic volume, the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

afterload

aka total peripheral resistance, the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve and push the blood into circulation

increased production of radicals in skeletal muscles during periods of prolonged inactivity and promotes muscle atrophy because:

all of these- oxidative stress prevents mTOR activation, oxidative stress activates proteases in muscle fibers, oxidative stress decreases protein synthesis in muscle fibers

which of the following statements are true regarding the impact of regular physical activity on health

all- a lower risk of breast cancer, physically active people have lower rates of all cause mortality, and reduced falls in older adults

type 2 diabetics often exhibit a number of risk factors for coronary heart disease including

all- hypertension and inactivity, hypertension and obesity, and high blood cholesterol

it is established that low-grade inflammation is linked to a wide variety of chronic diseases. which of the following diseases is/are directly or indirectly linked to chronic inflammation

all- hypertension, heart disease, type 2 diabetes

an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used to test the body's acute insulin response to a controlled amount of sugar ingestion. which of the following does NOT correctly describe the OGTT response in various types of individuals

all- prediabetic individuals experience an extended duration insulin spike of several hours, severe diabetics exhibit a small rise in insulin but no spike in the hormone, and normal individuals experience an insulin spike within the first hour of the OGTT

epidemiological studies confirm that regular physical activity

all- reduces the risk of heart disease in both smokers and hypertensive individuals, lowers the risk of all cause mortality, and reduces the risk of developing coronary heart disease

which of the following statements are true about the effect of endurance training or detraining on mitochondria volume in human skeletal muscle

all- seven days of detraining can reduce mitochondria volume by 50% below the trained level; after a period of detraining, approx 4 weeks of retraining is required to regain the lost mitochondria volume; five weeks of endurance training can increase skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume by two times about normal

which of the following does NOT summarize a fitness variable that is improved by regularly performing both aerobic exercise and strength exercise

all- submaximal exercise rate pressure product and resting BP, insulin sensitivity and glucose control, and resting metabolic rate

the principle of specificity of training refers to the fact that exercise training is specific to

all- the fiber types recruited, the muscles involved in the activity, and the principal energy system involved in the activity

a muscle that results in movement of a limb in the desired direction is labeled as

an agonist

resistance training results in an increase in the rate of contractile protein synthesis which is matched by ________

an increase in the synthesis of collagen in tendons and ligaments

the term hyperplasia refers to

an increase in the total number of muscle fibers

overload

an organ system or tissue must be exercised beyond what it's accustomed to in order to achieve adaptation

regular exercise training provides numerous health-related benefits. the two health related benefits that are the MOST responsive to exercise are

blood pressure and insulin sensitivity

to realize health benefits of physical activity, adults should perform

both 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity per week and 75-150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week

which of the following are classified as an inflammatory cytokine and or biomarker of inflammation

both TNF-a and C-reactive protein

prolonged inactivity of skeletal muscle leads to rapid muscle atrophy; this occurs due to:

both a decrease in muscle protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown in muscle fibers are correct

the increase in VO2 max that occurs following 16 months of endurance exercise training results from

both an increase in the maximal a-VO2 difference and an increase in maximal cardiac output are correct

the addition of myonuclei to growing muscle fibers

both appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training and is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training

during the first four months of an endurance exercise training program, the initial increase in VO2 max is primarily due to

both increases in stroke volume and increases in maximal cardiac output are correct

exercise at high altitude could result in

both reduced oxygen bound to hemoglobin and an increase in the heart rate response to a fixed level of exercise

a 30 year old woman achieves her target heart rate on a cool day by jogging 6 mph. if she were to exercise on a very hot day, she would have to

decrease the speed of her run to achieve her target heart rate

which of the following risk factors for coronary heart disease CANNOT be modified

family history

resistance training results in a

fast to slow shift in muscle fiber types

reversibility

fitness gains achieved by exercising at an overload are quickly lost when training stops or the overload is removed

oxidative stress occurs when

free radicals accumulated and react with cellular components

using the FITT principle, the volume of exercise performed can be computed as

frequency x intensity x time

which of the following variables is the least sensitive to exercise

high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

a single bout of resistance exercise training results in an increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis can occur within ________ following the exercise session

hours

following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis occurs within _______ following the competition of the exercise session

hours

which of the following risk factors for coronary heart disease can be changed

hypertension

which of the following factors do not contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise

increased fat storage in the liver

which of the following endurance training adaptations does not result in lower lactate production in the contracting muscles

increased glycogen utilization

which of the following physiological factors does not contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increase in the maximal a-VO2 difference

increased hemoglobin in the blood

which of the following factors do not contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in VO2 max

increased maximal HR

which of the following endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base balance during exercise

increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle

which of the following factors does not contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise

increased peripheral resistance

calcineurin

increases due to an increase in calcium levels, and contributes to the fast to slow fiber type shift

CaMK

increases due to an increase in calcium levels, and contributes to the increase in PGC-1a, which results in an increase in the fast to slow fiber type shift, mitochondrial biogenesis, and synthesis of antioxidant enzy

AMPK

increases due to an increase in the AMP/ATP ratio, and contributes to the increase in PGC-1a, which results in an increase in the fast to slow fiber type shift, mitochondrial biogenesis, and synthesis of antioxidant enzymes

PGC-1a

increases due to increased levels of CaMK, AMPK, and p38. contributes to the fast to slow fiber type shift, mitochondrial biogenesis, and the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes

endurance training has been shown to reduce oxygen deficit in subjects performing a bout of submaximal exercise. This is likely due to

increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries

progression

increasing the intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise as the body adapts to the increase

physical inactivity is considered to be an ____ risk factor for coronary heart disease

independent

atherosclerosis results in the deposition of plaque in the inner lining of an artery. the first steps that "trigger" the initial formation of atherosclerotic plaque include

inflammation within the artery following by production of adhesion molecules and the attraction of monocytes

risk factors for chronic diseases can be divided into three categories. these include

inherited/biological, environmental, and behavioral

according to the FITT principle, the letter "i" signifies

intensity of exercise

6 training variables

intensity, duration, frequency, muscles involved in activity, fiber types recruited, and the principal energy system involved

post-exercise hypotension can be clinically problematic when

it produces symptoms such as lightheadedness and dizziness

when maximal strength gain is the principal goal of the strength training program, current evidence suggests that single-set protocols are

less effective than multiple- set protocols

a major regulator of protein synthesis and muscle size is

mTOR

muscular strength

maximal force a muscle or muscle group can generate

following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the rise in the activity of calcinuneurin, calmodulin kinase, and AMP kinases occurs within _______ following the exercise session

minutes

endurance exercise training results in an increase in mitochondria volume within skeletal muscle fibers. the process of synthesizing mitochondria in cells is called

mitochondrial biogenesis

the phenomenon that previous strength training accelerates the re-acquisition of both muscular strength and hypertrophy is commonly referred to as

muscle memory

during the first 8 weeks of a resistance training program, the initial increase in muscular strength is primarily due to

neural adaptations

muscles receive a neural activation signal from motor neurons located in the spinal cord. This neural signal is referred to as

neural drive

which of the following training adaptations does not occur in skeletal muscles following 4-10 weeks of anaerobic exercise training

none of these- increased activities of glycolytic enzymes, increased activities of myokinase and creatine phosphokinase, increased muscle buffer capacity

several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent endurance and resistance training impedes strength development compared to strength training alone. which of the following mechanisms have NOT been proposed to explain why concurrent training impedes strength development?

none of these- overtraining, neural factors, depressed muscle protein synthesis

when compared to resistance exercise training, aerobic exercise training generally results in

none- greater improvements in both mitochondrial volume and muscular power, greater improvements in the reduction of total body fat and muscular strength, greater increases in both lean body mass and muscle mass

the frequency of exercise can be best described in terms of

number of days per week

a condition that is regulated as a contributing cause of type 2 diabetes is

obesity

the metabolic syndrome describes connections between

obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia

it is established that resistance exercise training promotes an increase in muscle protein synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) which results in increased protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that two signaling molecules interact to directly activate mTOR. These molecules are:

phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)

exercise is defined as

planned physical activity with the goal of improving or maintaining fitness

a drop in BP in the minutes following a bout of steady state aerobic exercise is called

post-exercise hypertension

which of the following statements about resistance training is NOT true

resistance training DOES NOT promote hypertrophy and strength gains in people greater than 65 years old

aging is associated with a decline in strength, with most of the decline occurring after age 50. The loss of strength is due, in part, to a loss of muscle mass; this age-related loss of muscle mass is termed

sarcopenia

which of the following health issues is NOT directly associated with the Metabolic Syndrome

skin cancer

by comparison to the rate of detraining following endurance training, the rate of detraining following a resistance training program is

slower

which of the following is an example of an environmental risk factor

socioeconomic factors

endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle

specificity

cross- sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max across the normal (untrained) population is maximal

stroke volume

several hormones have the potential to increase muscle protein synthesis. these include:

testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone

what hormones are acutely elevated in resistance exercise than can activate mTOR

testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-a), and growth hormone (GH)

an important physiological factor that may contribute to the inhibition of motor unit activation during resistance training is

the Golgi tendon organ

muscular endurance

the ability of a muscle to make repeated contractions against a submaximal load

growing evidence reveals that, independent of resistance exercise, _________ can activate mTOR and promote small increases in muscle protein synthesis

the amino acid leucine

the slope of the exercise "dose/response" curve provides information about

the dose of exercise required to promote health benefits

following several weeks of endurance exercise training, the capacity to transport glucose into skeletal muscle fibers is increased. which of the following training-induced changes contribute to this training effect

the increase in the number of GLUT4 glucose transporters

neural drive is defined as

the magnitude of the efferent neural output from the CNS to the motor units and the muscle fibers that they activate

which of the following is not a method that is useful for prescribing the recommended intensity of exercise training

the onset of sweating

contractility

the strength of the contraction when fiber length, afterload, and heart rate all remains constant

the heart rate and ventilatory responses to constant load submaximal exercise are lower following an endurance training program. This training-induced adaptation is primarily due to changes in the

trained skeletal muscles

specificity

training is specific to muscles involved in that activity, the fiber types recruited, the principal energy system involved, the velocity of contraction, and the type of muscle contraction

resistance training increases the specific force production of

type 1 muscle fibers

research reveals that assistance training induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in myonuclei. The source of these additional myonuceli is

via satellite cell activation

in response to an increase in inflammatory factors, the liver releases

c-reactive protein