adv ex physio exam 1
the enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in
all- sparing of blood glucose, increased uptake fatty acids, decreased utilization of muscle glycogen
physical activity is defined as
any form of muscular activity
the clustering of two or more diseases is called
a comorbidity
4-10 weeks of anaerobic training can increase the peak anaerobic capacity by _______ across individuals
3-25%
the average vo2 max value for the young male sedentary population is approximately
45 ml/kg/min
in general, an optimal aerobic exercise training intensity to improve VO2 max is
60-80 VO2 max
the risk of cardiac complication during exercise is
directly related to the degree of pre-existing cardiac disease
p38
increases due to an increase in free radicals, and contributes to the increase in PGC-1a, which results in an increase in the fast to slow fiber type shift, mitochondrial biogenesis, and synthesis of antioxidant enzymes
NFkB
increases due to an increase in free radicals, and contributes to the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes
the Karvonen method of calculating the "heart rate reserve" is computed as
maximal heart rate minus resting heart rate
the removal of damaged mitochondria in skeletal muscle and other cells is called
mitophagy
the term cross-education refers to
the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength increases in the untrained limb
in resting skeletal muscle fibers, Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) activation of mTOR is inhibited by
tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)
4 signal transduction pathways in skeletal muscle
1. mechanical stimuli 2. increases in cellular calcium 3. elevated free radicals 4. decreases in muscle phosphate/energy levels
the relative risk ratio of developing coronary heart disease due to physical inactivity is about
1.9
endurance exercise training programs typically results in a
15-25% improvement in VO2 max
following a single bout of resistance exercise training, muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above sedentary levels for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained individuals
35-50 hours
type 1 diabetes typically develops early in life and represents about __% of those with diabetes
5
heritability determines approximately ______% of VO2 max variability in sedentary adults
50
high responders to endurance exercise training can achieve up to _____ improvement in VO2 max following a prolonged and intense training program
50
a single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ___% above resting levels
50-150
it is recommended that MVPA should be performed for approximately ______ MET-min/week
500-1000
exercise guidelines indicate vigorous-intensity physical activity should be performed at least _____ minutes/week, while moderate-intensity physical activity be performed at least ____ minutes/week
75, 150
it is estimated that ____% of the differences in muscle mass between individuals can be explained by genetic variation
80
the majority of epidemiological studies observe a greater reduction in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease with an aerobic exercise training intensity
> 6 mets
in general, the risk of orthopedic and cardiac complications associated with exercise training increases at exercise intensities
>80 % VO2 max
in theory, concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training can impair muscle protein synthesis following a bout of resistance exercise. the proposed mechanism to explain this inhibition is
AMP kinase activation of TSC2
the relationship between regular PA and cancer prevention is best described by which of the following
Physically active individuals can lower their changes of contracting many major forms of cancer by 12-25%
which of the following factors DO NOT contribute to the decline in VO2 observed during 84 days of detraining
a decrease in maximal HR
for a given person, 80% of HRR is __________ to 80% HRmax
a higher intensity as compared
which of the following individuals would gain the greatest health benefits from changing their level of physical activity
a sedentary person who becomes moderately active
many heart attacks and strokes occur because of
a sudden rupture of plaque that triggers a blood clot
several factors contribute to neural drive. which one of the following factors is NOT a contributor to neural drive
activation of the Golgi tendon organ
preload
aka end diastolic volume, the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole
afterload
aka total peripheral resistance, the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve and push the blood into circulation
increased production of radicals in skeletal muscles during periods of prolonged inactivity and promotes muscle atrophy because:
all of these- oxidative stress prevents mTOR activation, oxidative stress activates proteases in muscle fibers, oxidative stress decreases protein synthesis in muscle fibers
which of the following statements are true regarding the impact of regular physical activity on health
all- a lower risk of breast cancer, physically active people have lower rates of all cause mortality, and reduced falls in older adults
type 2 diabetics often exhibit a number of risk factors for coronary heart disease including
all- hypertension and inactivity, hypertension and obesity, and high blood cholesterol
it is established that low-grade inflammation is linked to a wide variety of chronic diseases. which of the following diseases is/are directly or indirectly linked to chronic inflammation
all- hypertension, heart disease, type 2 diabetes
an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used to test the body's acute insulin response to a controlled amount of sugar ingestion. which of the following does NOT correctly describe the OGTT response in various types of individuals
all- prediabetic individuals experience an extended duration insulin spike of several hours, severe diabetics exhibit a small rise in insulin but no spike in the hormone, and normal individuals experience an insulin spike within the first hour of the OGTT
epidemiological studies confirm that regular physical activity
all- reduces the risk of heart disease in both smokers and hypertensive individuals, lowers the risk of all cause mortality, and reduces the risk of developing coronary heart disease
which of the following statements are true about the effect of endurance training or detraining on mitochondria volume in human skeletal muscle
all- seven days of detraining can reduce mitochondria volume by 50% below the trained level; after a period of detraining, approx 4 weeks of retraining is required to regain the lost mitochondria volume; five weeks of endurance training can increase skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume by two times about normal
which of the following does NOT summarize a fitness variable that is improved by regularly performing both aerobic exercise and strength exercise
all- submaximal exercise rate pressure product and resting BP, insulin sensitivity and glucose control, and resting metabolic rate
the principle of specificity of training refers to the fact that exercise training is specific to
all- the fiber types recruited, the muscles involved in the activity, and the principal energy system involved in the activity
a muscle that results in movement of a limb in the desired direction is labeled as
an agonist
resistance training results in an increase in the rate of contractile protein synthesis which is matched by ________
an increase in the synthesis of collagen in tendons and ligaments
the term hyperplasia refers to
an increase in the total number of muscle fibers
overload
an organ system or tissue must be exercised beyond what it's accustomed to in order to achieve adaptation
regular exercise training provides numerous health-related benefits. the two health related benefits that are the MOST responsive to exercise are
blood pressure and insulin sensitivity
to realize health benefits of physical activity, adults should perform
both 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity per week and 75-150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week
which of the following are classified as an inflammatory cytokine and or biomarker of inflammation
both TNF-a and C-reactive protein
prolonged inactivity of skeletal muscle leads to rapid muscle atrophy; this occurs due to:
both a decrease in muscle protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown in muscle fibers are correct
the increase in VO2 max that occurs following 16 months of endurance exercise training results from
both an increase in the maximal a-VO2 difference and an increase in maximal cardiac output are correct
the addition of myonuclei to growing muscle fibers
both appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training and is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training
during the first four months of an endurance exercise training program, the initial increase in VO2 max is primarily due to
both increases in stroke volume and increases in maximal cardiac output are correct
exercise at high altitude could result in
both reduced oxygen bound to hemoglobin and an increase in the heart rate response to a fixed level of exercise
a 30 year old woman achieves her target heart rate on a cool day by jogging 6 mph. if she were to exercise on a very hot day, she would have to
decrease the speed of her run to achieve her target heart rate
which of the following risk factors for coronary heart disease CANNOT be modified
family history
resistance training results in a
fast to slow shift in muscle fiber types
reversibility
fitness gains achieved by exercising at an overload are quickly lost when training stops or the overload is removed
oxidative stress occurs when
free radicals accumulated and react with cellular components
using the FITT principle, the volume of exercise performed can be computed as
frequency x intensity x time
which of the following variables is the least sensitive to exercise
high-density lipoproteins (HDL)
a single bout of resistance exercise training results in an increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis can occur within ________ following the exercise session
hours
following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis occurs within _______ following the competition of the exercise session
hours
which of the following risk factors for coronary heart disease can be changed
hypertension
which of the following factors do not contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise
increased fat storage in the liver
which of the following endurance training adaptations does not result in lower lactate production in the contracting muscles
increased glycogen utilization
which of the following physiological factors does not contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increase in the maximal a-VO2 difference
increased hemoglobin in the blood
which of the following factors do not contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in VO2 max
increased maximal HR
which of the following endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base balance during exercise
increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle
which of the following factors does not contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise
increased peripheral resistance
calcineurin
increases due to an increase in calcium levels, and contributes to the fast to slow fiber type shift
CaMK
increases due to an increase in calcium levels, and contributes to the increase in PGC-1a, which results in an increase in the fast to slow fiber type shift, mitochondrial biogenesis, and synthesis of antioxidant enzy
AMPK
increases due to an increase in the AMP/ATP ratio, and contributes to the increase in PGC-1a, which results in an increase in the fast to slow fiber type shift, mitochondrial biogenesis, and synthesis of antioxidant enzymes
PGC-1a
increases due to increased levels of CaMK, AMPK, and p38. contributes to the fast to slow fiber type shift, mitochondrial biogenesis, and the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes
endurance training has been shown to reduce oxygen deficit in subjects performing a bout of submaximal exercise. This is likely due to
increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries
progression
increasing the intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise as the body adapts to the increase
physical inactivity is considered to be an ____ risk factor for coronary heart disease
independent
atherosclerosis results in the deposition of plaque in the inner lining of an artery. the first steps that "trigger" the initial formation of atherosclerotic plaque include
inflammation within the artery following by production of adhesion molecules and the attraction of monocytes
risk factors for chronic diseases can be divided into three categories. these include
inherited/biological, environmental, and behavioral
according to the FITT principle, the letter "i" signifies
intensity of exercise
6 training variables
intensity, duration, frequency, muscles involved in activity, fiber types recruited, and the principal energy system involved
post-exercise hypotension can be clinically problematic when
it produces symptoms such as lightheadedness and dizziness
when maximal strength gain is the principal goal of the strength training program, current evidence suggests that single-set protocols are
less effective than multiple- set protocols
a major regulator of protein synthesis and muscle size is
mTOR
muscular strength
maximal force a muscle or muscle group can generate
following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the rise in the activity of calcinuneurin, calmodulin kinase, and AMP kinases occurs within _______ following the exercise session
minutes
endurance exercise training results in an increase in mitochondria volume within skeletal muscle fibers. the process of synthesizing mitochondria in cells is called
mitochondrial biogenesis
the phenomenon that previous strength training accelerates the re-acquisition of both muscular strength and hypertrophy is commonly referred to as
muscle memory
during the first 8 weeks of a resistance training program, the initial increase in muscular strength is primarily due to
neural adaptations
muscles receive a neural activation signal from motor neurons located in the spinal cord. This neural signal is referred to as
neural drive
which of the following training adaptations does not occur in skeletal muscles following 4-10 weeks of anaerobic exercise training
none of these- increased activities of glycolytic enzymes, increased activities of myokinase and creatine phosphokinase, increased muscle buffer capacity
several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent endurance and resistance training impedes strength development compared to strength training alone. which of the following mechanisms have NOT been proposed to explain why concurrent training impedes strength development?
none of these- overtraining, neural factors, depressed muscle protein synthesis
when compared to resistance exercise training, aerobic exercise training generally results in
none- greater improvements in both mitochondrial volume and muscular power, greater improvements in the reduction of total body fat and muscular strength, greater increases in both lean body mass and muscle mass
the frequency of exercise can be best described in terms of
number of days per week
a condition that is regulated as a contributing cause of type 2 diabetes is
obesity
the metabolic syndrome describes connections between
obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia
it is established that resistance exercise training promotes an increase in muscle protein synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) which results in increased protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that two signaling molecules interact to directly activate mTOR. These molecules are:
phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)
exercise is defined as
planned physical activity with the goal of improving or maintaining fitness
a drop in BP in the minutes following a bout of steady state aerobic exercise is called
post-exercise hypertension
which of the following statements about resistance training is NOT true
resistance training DOES NOT promote hypertrophy and strength gains in people greater than 65 years old
aging is associated with a decline in strength, with most of the decline occurring after age 50. The loss of strength is due, in part, to a loss of muscle mass; this age-related loss of muscle mass is termed
sarcopenia
which of the following health issues is NOT directly associated with the Metabolic Syndrome
skin cancer
by comparison to the rate of detraining following endurance training, the rate of detraining following a resistance training program is
slower
which of the following is an example of an environmental risk factor
socioeconomic factors
endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle
specificity
cross- sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max across the normal (untrained) population is maximal
stroke volume
several hormones have the potential to increase muscle protein synthesis. these include:
testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone
what hormones are acutely elevated in resistance exercise than can activate mTOR
testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-a), and growth hormone (GH)
an important physiological factor that may contribute to the inhibition of motor unit activation during resistance training is
the Golgi tendon organ
muscular endurance
the ability of a muscle to make repeated contractions against a submaximal load
growing evidence reveals that, independent of resistance exercise, _________ can activate mTOR and promote small increases in muscle protein synthesis
the amino acid leucine
the slope of the exercise "dose/response" curve provides information about
the dose of exercise required to promote health benefits
following several weeks of endurance exercise training, the capacity to transport glucose into skeletal muscle fibers is increased. which of the following training-induced changes contribute to this training effect
the increase in the number of GLUT4 glucose transporters
neural drive is defined as
the magnitude of the efferent neural output from the CNS to the motor units and the muscle fibers that they activate
which of the following is not a method that is useful for prescribing the recommended intensity of exercise training
the onset of sweating
contractility
the strength of the contraction when fiber length, afterload, and heart rate all remains constant
the heart rate and ventilatory responses to constant load submaximal exercise are lower following an endurance training program. This training-induced adaptation is primarily due to changes in the
trained skeletal muscles
specificity
training is specific to muscles involved in that activity, the fiber types recruited, the principal energy system involved, the velocity of contraction, and the type of muscle contraction
resistance training increases the specific force production of
type 1 muscle fibers
research reveals that assistance training induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in myonuclei. The source of these additional myonuceli is
via satellite cell activation
in response to an increase in inflammatory factors, the liver releases
c-reactive protein