Advanced Biology Module 15

Know figure 15.2 - the nephron on page 488 along with the descending loop and the thick segment of the ascending limb or use the diagram in the Study Guide #7

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Describe the three processes that regulate blood pH. Indicate the relative effectiveness of each one as well as the relative speed of each one.

1) Buffer systems, which resist the change of pH, which are very fast, but less effective than the other two 2) The respiratory system by changing the depth and rate of ventilation, which is more effective than the buffer systems, but it is a bit slower 3) The kidneys by secreting H+ in the nephron to control pH, which is the most effective, but slowest process (505-510)

Define buffer system:

A mixture of an acid and a base that resists changes in pH (505)

Define retroperitoneal:

Behind the parietal peritoneum (487)

An increase in GCP will do what to GFR?

GCP is glomerular capillary pressure. Increasing that will increase GFR, which is the glomerular filtration rate (494)

What is secretion?

In this step, certain chemicals still in the blood must be removed from the blood and put into the nephron for excretion in the urine (492)

What are juxtaglomerular cells, and what do they do in the body?

Juxtaglomerular cells are cells in the kidney that sense and respond to low blood pressure and low sodium ion concentration in the blood. They secrete renin, which stimulates a sequence of events that increase sodium ion concentration in the blood and increase blood pressure (503)

What is a reabsorption?

Moving molecules out of the nephrons and back into the blood.

Starting with the proximal tubule, order the structures listed below in terms of when they are encountered by filtrate as it travels out of the body: Loop of Henle, renal pelvis, distal tubule, proximal tubule, major calyx, collecting duct, and minor calyx

Proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, and renal pelvis (489)

Two substances are in the filtrate in equal concentration at the proximal tubule, and both exceed their T-max concentration. If the reabsorption T-max is higher for substance A and substance B, compare the concentration of A and B in the blood as it leaves the kidney.

Since substance A has a higher T-max, more of it will be reabsorbed into the blood. So, the concentration of A is greater in the blood than the concentration of B (497)

In the bicarbonate buffer system, which substance reacts if an acid is introduced into the blood?

The base in the bicarbonate buffer system is bicarbonate, HCO3- (508)

Which of the structures in the nephron change their permeability to water? What causes the change?

The distal tubule and collecting duct change their permeability to water. The change is determined by the amount of ADH present (501)

Define tubular maximum:

The maximum rate of reabsorption by active transport through the nephron tubules (496)

What type of tissue is the bladder made of?

The mucosa of the bladder is made of transitional stratified epithelium, which allows the bladder to stretch without tearing (502)

What is the normal range for the pH of blood?

The normal range of blood pH is 7.35-7.45, which is slightly basic (504)

The pH of blood is 7.30. Is the person in acidosis or alkalosis?

The pH is below normal, so this is acidosis (504)

Define erythropoiesis:

The production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) (490)

Define renal blood flow rate:

The rate at which blood flows through the kidneys (1 liter/min) (493)

Define glomerular filtration rate:

The rate at which filtrate is produced in glomerular filtration (125mL/minute) (494)