Advanced Physiology Ch. 5
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
_________parietal lobe area, which is responsible for speaking ability, is located in the left ________ lobe. _________ area, located in the left ________ at the juncture of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, is concerned with language comprehension.
Broca's; frontal; Wernicke's; cortex
___________ refers to subjective awareness of the external world and self.
Consciousness
__________ occur(s) when a large collection of neurons abnormally generate synchronous action potentials that produce stereotypical, involuntary spasms and alterations in behavior
Epileptic seizures
From outermost to innermost, the layers of the meninges are arachnoid, dura, and pia mater.
False
Initial processing of visual input is carried out in the temporal lobes.
False
Short-term memory is retained for days to years.
False
The blood-brain barrier prevents the exchange of oxygen through capillaries into brain tissue.
False
The cerebellum plays a central role in all aspects of emotion.
False
The lateral horn of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of neurons supplying skeletal muscles.
False
The vagus nerve (CNX) innervates the eyeball.
False
There are 12 lumbar nerves.
False
_________ lie entirely within the CNS and lie between afferent and efferent neurons
Interneurons
_________ is the acquisition of knowledge or skills as a consequence of experience, instruction, or both, and is a change in behavior that occurs as a result of experiences.
Learning
________ is a person's prolonged subjective emotional state that influences their behavior and perception of external events.
Mood
__________ is the ability to direct behavior toward specific goals.
Motivation
What receptors in the brain are blocked by caffeine?
adenosine receptors
The ___________ division of the peripheral nervous system carries information about the external environment and status reports on internal activities to the CNS.
afferent
What are the three functional classes of neurons in the nervous system?
afferent, efferent, and interneurons
The ________ exerts an inhibitory effect on motor activity by acting through neurons in the brain
basal nuclei
The protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical fluctuations in the blood and reduces the possibility that harmful blood-borne substances could reach the central neural tissue.
blood-brain barrier
The 'oldest' region of the brain, which controls functions such as respiration, circulation, and digestion, is the ________ .
brain stem
The ________ contains the medulla, pons, and midbrain.
brain stem
The ________ is the oldest part of the brain in evolution.
brain stem
The ________ consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
central nervous system (CNS)
The parietal and frontal lobes of the cortex are separated by the ________ .
central sulcus
The plays an important role in the planning, initiation, and timing of certain kinds of movement.
cerebellum
Where does the ventral spinocerebellar tract terminate in the brain?
cerebellum
Each cerebral hemisphere is composed of a thin outer shell of gray matter called __________.
cerebral cortex
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed primarily by the _________ found in particular regions of the ventricle cavities of the brain.
choroid plexus
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed primarily by the ________ .
choroid plexuses
The process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term memory stores is known as __________.
consolidation
The ________ is made up of the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
diencephalon
Patients suffering from Parkinson's Disease (PD) are unable to release sufficient amounts of which neurotransmitter?
dopamine
The cell bodies of _________ neurons originate in the gray matter and send axons out through the ventral root.
efferent
The neural change responsible for retention or storage of knowledge is known as a(n) ____.
engram
The _________ cell lining of the ventricles contributes to the formation of cerebrospinal fluid.
ependymal
Brain waves recorded from a student while taking a difficult exam would likely show a predominance of which wave type?
gamma waves
About 90 percent of the cells within the CNS are __________.
glial cells
Long-term potentiation is initiated by release of which neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron?
glutamate
_________ matter consists predominantly of densely packaged cell bodies and their dendrites as well as glial cells. Bundles or tracts of myelinated nerve fibers (axons) constitute the ________ matter.
gray; white
The ______ is the area of the brain most directly involved in regulating the internal environment.
hypothalamus
The _______ controls body temperature, food intake, and thirst.
hypothalamus
Typically, which symptom is associated with cerebellar disease?
intention tremor
What are the immune defense cells of the CNS called?
microglia
Efferent neurons typically innervate ________ .
muscles and glands
A condition characterized by brief, irresistible sleep attacks during the day is called ________ .
narcolepsy
A(n) _______ is a bundle of peripheral neuronal axons, some afferent and some efferent, that are enclosed by a connective-tissue covering.
nerve
What are the two major regulatory systems in the body?
nervous system and endocrine system
The motor cortex on each side of the ________ brain primarily controls muscles on the side of the body.
opposite
The ________ is primarily responsible for receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain from the surface of the body.
parietal lobe
The innermost meningeal layer, the ________ , is the most fragile. It is highly vascular and closely adheres to the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.
pia mater
A 50-year-old man falls off a ladder and hits his head; afterward, he cannot remember anything about his activities leading up to the fall. What is he experiencing?
retrograde amnesia
In ______ sleep a person still has considerable muscle tone and frequently shifts body position.
slow-wave
A person who has brain damage affecting Broca's area will have difficulty with ________ .
speaking ability
Simple awareness of touch, pressure, or temperature at the body surface occurs in the _______.
thalamus
The ________ serves as a "relay station" and synaptic integrating center for preliminary processing of all sensory input on its way to the cortex.
thalamus
How many functionally distinct parts does the cerebellum have?
three
What is the estimated number of neurons in the brain?
85 billion
What area of the brain is associated with language comprehension?
Wernicke's area
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed primarily by the ____.
choroid plexuses
What is the name of the neural bridge connecting the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain?
corpus callosum
The limbic system includes the amygdala, which is important for processing what emotions?
fear and anxiety
Where is Broca's area located?
frontal lobe
Which brain waves are the fastest?
gamma
What compound binds to the AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors of the postsynaptic neuron?
glutamate
Basal nuclei consist of ____.
grey matter
What area of the brain is most involved in directly regulating the internal environment (homeostasis)?
hypothalamus
What part of the limbic system controls the increase of heart rate and respiratory rate, elevation of blood pressure, and diversion of blood to skeletal muscles?
hypothalamus
What components make up the brain stem?
medulla, pons, and midbrain
What is the innermost CNS membrane?
pia mater
Storing long-term memories involves the synthesis of what new compounds?
proteins
What are the two forms of amnesia?
retrograde and anterograde
Based on varying distributions of several distinctive cell types, the cerebral cortex is organized into how many well-defined layers?
six
What part of the cerebellum regulates muscle tone and coordinates skilled voluntary movement?
spinocerebellum
What are the three higher motor areas of the cortex that are involved in voluntary decision making ?
supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, and posterior parietal cortex
What cranial nerve controls the act of chewing?
trigeminal nerve
In the spinal cord, what matter is organized into tracts?
white matter
The spinal cord is classified within what part of the nervous system?
. central nervous system
What is the outer shell of each hemisphere composed of?
. gray matter
What are the two forms of short-term memory?
. habituation and sensitization
How much of the glucose consumed in the body is utilized by the brain under resting conditions?
50%
______ fibers carrying incoming signals enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root
Afferent
________ fibers carry signals to the CNS while ______ fibers carry signals away from the CNS
Afferent; efferent
You are preparing to collect a spinal tap on a patient. Where is the most appropriate area of the vertebral canal to insert the needle to obtain a CSF sample?
Below L2
_________ form the insulative myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS.
Oligodendrocytes
_________ sleep can be considered either the deepest sleep or the lightest sleep.
Paradoxical
In _______ sleep, most muscles are completely relaxed.
REM
Antidepressant drugs that work by allowing serotonin and norepinephrine to remain at the synapse for a longer period of time are ________ .
SNRIs
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is an electrical recording from the brain.
True
Long-term memory requires functional changes in the brain, such as the formation of new synaptic connections.
True
Parkinson's Disease (PD) occurs as a result of degraded neurons in the basal nuclei of the brain.
True
The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system (CNS)
True
The cerebellum coordinates balance and voluntary movements.
True
The hypothalamus is classified as a forebrain structure.
True
White matter in the brain is composed mainly of myelinated nerves.
True