African Slavery

What is indirect rule? Which countries used it?

Traditional (African) rulers are left in place to enforce colonial (European) laws. Countries:Great Britain. It was used, because it required less manpower and gave the illusion that the original inhabitants still had some say in major decisions.

What was the destination for the greatest number of enslaved Africans? Why?

Caribbean - where the most plantations were located

What is direct rule? Which countries used it?

Colonial (European) power controls every level of government. Countries: France, Portugal, Germany, Belgium. It was used, because it had absolute control over every decision that was made

List reasons why African were unable to defend themselves against European rule.

Europeans had machine guns versus muskets. New Diseases in Europe (ex: bubonic plague) that Africans had no immunity to. Europeans had medicine against African diseases (ex: Malaria

What were the three reasons Europeans wanted to colonize Africa in the 1800s?

* Economic - Raw Materials & a Market to sell their goods. To take control of the resources themselves instead of having the cost and trouble to trade for them. * Religious - Missionaries to Christianize with European culture. * Political - Nationalism to expand territories = more power

When did Great Britain & the United States abolish the slave trade?

1833 - GB 1863 - US

Who is King Leopold? Which European nation is he from? Which area of Africa does he control? What type of ruler was he? What did he want from the Africans?

A king. The European nation of Belgium He controls the congo in Africa He was a direct ruler He wanted the Africans to work for him or else they would of been beaten or have gotten their ear or hand cut off. King Leopold wanted the Africans to make rubber tires for automobiles. This act was called the Congo free state.

Why did Slavery continue for hundreds of years? How did Europeans benefit? How did it affect/change Africa?

Africa changed: Depopulated portions of African, specifically the young, strong, and healthy. Slavery continued for hundreds of years, because the Europeans hadn't been able to navigate the interior and only had accessed 10% of Africa up until this point. New technology has led to greater exploration. The Europeans got the raw natural resources.

What three groups of Europeans went to Africa in the 1400s?

Explorers - searching for the land and resources they've heard so much about. Traders - who set up posts to trade European goods for Africa's natural resources. Christian Missionaries - during an era of strong feelings to convert peoples with the rapid spread of Islam

John Newton on remorse

He was a slave trader and a slave owner. He wrote the lyrics to amazing grace which is the song of apology and redemption. But he is saying that he needs an apology, but don't forgive him, because it was a unforgettable thing.

Who was Menelik II? What was his nickname? Why? What did he do for Ethiopia? How did he do it?

Menelik ll is the leader of Ethiopia. Menelik II's nickname was "Emiye Menelik", he got his nickname when he took care of Ethiopia just like a mother. The Europeans made a plan to divide the ethiopians by spending rumors about them by fake traders(merchants) coming in. Menelik II sends soldiers to find fake merchants to find out the plan of the Europeans, contacting someone to say that the rumor was wrong. Menelik II wrote letters to other leaders and built hospitals and schools. He also began an ambitious modernization program that included introducing railways, electricity and telephone wire.

From what specific area of Africa were most people enslaved?

Mostly the coastline of West Africa, specifically around the Gulf of Guinea.

What are the names for each arm of the Atlantic Slave Trade? What was traded along each?

Outward passage: Materials brought on the journey from Europe to Africa(clothing, guns, rum) The Middle Passage:Slave traders brought captured Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to be sold at Auction in the Americas. Homeward Passage: Europeans brought raw materials produced on plantations to be used in their factories to produce manufactured goods. Most common are tobacco, cotton and sugar.

Which European countries were mainly involved in enslaving Africans? What was the order of their involvement?

Portugal first starting capturing and enslaving Africans along the Gold Coast then other European powers such as Great Britain would follow.

Mary Prince's feelings on slave auctions

She felt as if she was compared to a piece of meat that a butcher would examine. She felt sorry for her mother, who has lost all her children and went home alone

King Afonso on remorse

That no one was safe from the slave traders. People were being kidnapped.Without any trade taking place or without any consideration for who they were. He pleaded with the King of Portugal that this creates a negative image for himself as well. He makes it also very difficult for people to leave the Kongo (Congo) with slaves. Slave traders needed to get three people's approval to leave Africa.

What other groups of people did Europeans try to enslave prior to Africans? Why didn't they each work out?

The 1st group of people were Indentured or Redemption servants who willingly sell themselves into slavery to pay off a past or future debt. For example, many worked to pay off the cost of traveling to the new world. Problem: 1) There's not enough of people willing to do this. 2) They are less motivated to work as the years go on because they get their payment up front. The 2nd group of people were the The Native Americans. Problem: They have no immunity to European diseases so they die quickly, in large numbers. The most common disease would be Smallpox. They are also not used to working in the Tropical climate of the Caribbean, were most plantations end of being located.

Why were the Africans the best choice for enslavement?

The Africans were the best choice for enslavement, because 1) they are knowledgeable about farming 2) are used to working in the Tropical climate and 3) only the youngest, strongest and healthiest were enslaved

What is the Berlin Conference? Where was it held? When? What is it also known as? Who participated? What did they all want? What was the result for Africa? What three places (two categories) were left untouched? Why?

The Berlin Conference was a conference to discuss they things they would take over in Africa, without the Africans permission. It was held in Berlin, Germany. Beginning on November 15th 1884 ending in 1885. It was also known as the congo free state. Germany, France, UK, US, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Austria-Hungary, Denmark, Sweden-Norway, Ottoman Empire, Russia .....so European countries. The European powers wanted control of free raw materials to use in their factories that they no longer have to trade for. The result of Africa was the Treaty of Berlin: 1) European control of trade routes 2) Ban of firearms 3) EVERY part of Africa will be controlled by a foreign power; colonies 90% of Africa is controlled by Europeans. Three places that were untouched.... Liberia - Freed Slaves Ethiopia - Given to Italy but fought against Italians for the independence Sierra Leone - Freed Slaves(lived when they didn't have home)

Why was the Central Western part of Africa known as the Gold Coast?

The Central Western part of Africa was known as the gold coast, because that is where the slaves were sold for money(gold)

What two names are used for the trade of enslaved Africans between Africa, Americas & Europe? Why?

The atlantic slave trade and the triangular trade. The trade of enslaved Africans is called the Atlantic slave trade, because the trading of the Africans mostly occur around the Atlantic ocean. The trade of enslaved Africans is called the triangular trade, because if you see a picture of all of the passages together they make a triangle.

Olaudah Equiano description of the Middle Passage

The attitudes of the crew to the slaves was Hostile, subhuman, cruel (threw extra food overboard instead of sharing it). The differences between Equiano note and his captors was Their skin color, morals (believing in God), attitude towards prisoners. The conditions of the ships was Hot, unsanitary, suffocating, crammed.

Abolition

The movement to end slavery

What were the problems brought about by colonial rule?

The problems brought about by the colonial rule was the greater distrust of the European powers, conflict amongst the people within a colony. Europeans try to control these problems after the fact by using military forces and threats.

Quobna Ottobah Cugoano on being captured in Africa

The purchasing slaves were to blame, "if there were no buyers there would be no sellers." The captors justified their actions, Slavery previously existed in Africa prior to the Atlantic Slave Trade but the slaves were well taken care of. Africans enslaved by the Europeans were not well taken care of but the captors justified their actions by saying that the Africans were better off in the Americas than left on their own in Africa. This couldn't be farther from the truth.

Diaspora

The scattering population whose origin lies in a separate geographic locale. Ex:The slave trade sent millions of Africans oversea.

Black Gold

The slaves for money

Who is David Livingstone? What was his greatest "discovery." Year? What were all three names for this place?

Using David Livingstone Reading... 1) GB in 1840 at the age of 27 2) Doctor & Missionary 3) Victoria Falls, The Smoke that Thunders, Mosi Ou Tunya in 1855 4) Dense clouds, large body of water, tree lined, large basaltic rock, rainbows, constant showers, natural beauty: "Most wonderful site in Africa" "Gazed upon by angels"

What is settler rule?

Where settlers receive special political and economic rights and protections by the ruling power

White Gold

White people making money off of the slaves. The Europeans making money off of Africans, from selling manufactured sugar, tobacco and cotton