Aging and Its Effects on the CP System

Kidney function

Ability of the kidneys to perform their functions

Liver function

Ability of the liver to perform its functions

Elastic recoil

Ability of the lungs to return to their original shape after being stretched

Heart murmurs

Abnormal heart sounds

Murmurs

Abnormal heart sounds caused by turbulent blood flow

AC membrane

Alveolar-capillary membrane

FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second)

Amount of air forcefully exhaled in the first second of the FVC maneuver

RV (Residual Volume)

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

FRC (Functional Residual Capacity)

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation

CO (Cardiac Output)

Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Cardiac output

Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

SV (Stroke Volume)

Amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat

Hemoglobin concentration

Amount of hemoglobin in the blood

Dosages

Amounts of medication to be taken

AP diameter

Anteroposterior diameter of the chest

Unusual presentation of illness

Atypical symptoms or manifestations of a disease

FEF25-75 (Forced Expiratory Flow 25-75%)

Average flow rate during the middle half of the FVC maneuver

ADL (Activities of Daily Living)

Basic tasks of everyday life

HCO3

Bicarbonate ion

GI bleed

Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract

Pulmonary blood flow

Blood flow through the lungs

Peripheral vessels

Blood vessels outside of the heart and lungs

Lung cancer

Cancer that starts in the lungs

CV system

Cardiovascular system

LV (Left Ventricle)

Chamber of the heart responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body

Thorax

Chest cavity

Cataracts

Clouding of the lens in the eye

Ischemic heart disease

Condition caused by reduced blood flow to the heart

Anemia

Condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a decrease in hemoglobin

CHF (Congestive Heart Failure)

Condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs

Glaucoma

Condition that damages the optic nerve

Macular degeneration

Deterioration of the macula, leading to loss of central vision

P(A-a)O2

Difference in oxygen partial pressure between the alveoli and the arterial blood

Variations in s/s of disease

Differences in signs and symptoms of a disease

SOB (Shortness of Breath)

Difficulty breathing

Heart disease

Disease affecting the heart

Pulmonary disease

Disease affecting the lungs

Medications

Drugs used for medical treatment

Aging and CV system

Effects of aging on the cardiovascular system

Pulmonary gas exchange

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood

Cough

Expulsion of air from the lungs to clear the airways

S4 (Fourth Heart Sound)

Extra heart sound heard during atrial contraction

S3 (Third Heart Sound)

Extra heart sound heard during diastole

Cartilage

Flexible connective tissue found between the ribs

Fibrosis

Formation of excess fibrous connective tissue

HTN (Hypertension)

High blood pressure

Enlargement of alveoli

Increase in the size of the air sacs in the lungs

Alveolar thickening

Increase in the thickness of the alveolar walls

Risk of falls

Increased likelihood of experiencing a fall

Lung infection

Infection affecting the lungs

Pneumonia

Infection that causes inflammation in the air sacs of the lungs

Genetics

Inherited traits passed down from parents

Hearing loss

Loss of hearing

Vision loss

Loss of vision

Emphysema

Lung condition characterized by the destruction of the alveoli walls

MVV (Maximal Voluntary Ventilation)

Maximum amount of air that can be breathed in and out in one minute

VC (Vital Capacity)

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

FVC (Forced Vital Capacity)

Maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation

IC (Inspiratory Capacity)

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation

TLC (Total Lung Capacity)

Maximum amount of air the lungs can hold

Max HR (Maximum Heart Rate)

Maximum number of times the heart can beat per minute

PEFR (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate)

Maximum speed of air exhalation during a forced expiration

pH

Measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Chest compliance

Measure of the chest's ability to expand and contract

Compliance

Measure of the lung's ability to expand and contract

DLCO (Diffusing Capacity of Carbon Monoxide)

Measure of the lung's ability to transfer gases from the alveoli to the blood

ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)

Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood

Lung volumes

Measurements of the amount of air in the lungs

Iron

Mineral necessary for the production of red blood cells

VQ mismatch

Mismatch between ventilation and perfusion in the lungs

Flow

Movement of air through the respiratory system

Ciliary activity

Movement of tiny hair-like structures in the respiratory tract

HR (Heart Rate)

Number of times the heart beats per minute

Lungs

Organs responsible for respiration

PCO2

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

PaCO2

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

PaO2

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

FEV1/FVC ratio

Percentage of the FVC that can be exhaled in the first second

Exercise

Physical activity

SBP (Systolic Blood Pressure)

Pressure in the arteries when the heart beats

Written materials

Printed or written information

Interviewing elderly patients

Process of gathering information from older patients

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

Progressive lung disease that obstructs airflow

Tachycardia

Rapid heart rate

Control of ventilation

Regulation of breathing

Fatty marrow

Replacement of red bone marrow with fat

Daily living habits

Routines and behaviors performed on a daily basis

Chemoreceptors

Sensors that detect changes in chemical composition

Heart sounds

Sounds produced by the heart during the cardiac cycle

Aging

The process of getting older

Red bone marrow

Tissue responsible for producing blood cells

Alveolar surface area

Total area available for gas exchange in the alveoli

Mitral valve

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

Aortic valve

Valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

Tricuspid valve

Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

Pulmonic valve

Valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Deadspace ventilation

Ventilation of air that does not participate in gas exchange

B12 vitamin

Vitamin necessary for the production of red blood cells