AGRI 61 - Overview of extension (MOD 1)
Addison Maunder, 1973
According to _______ extension is a service or system which assist farm people, through educational procedures in: - improving farming methods and techniques - increasing production efficiency and income - bettering their levels of living and - lifting social and educational standards
Kelsey and Hearne, 1963
According to _______ extension is an out-of-school system of education in which adults and young people learn by doing
Paul Leagans, 1961
According to _______ extension is putting useful knowledge to work
Niels Rolings, 1988
According to ________, extension is a professional communication intervention deployed by an institution to induce change in voluntary behavior with presumed public or collective utility
Swanson and Claar, 1984
According to ___________ and _______, extension is an ongoing process of getting useful information to people and then assisting those people to acquire the necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes to utilize effectively this information and technology
meaning of AAS
Agricultural advisory services
Agricultural performance
a concept of extension wherein extension is viewed only in terms of improving production and profitability of farmers
FAO
according to ______ (2010), extension are the all different activities that provide the information and advisory services that are needed and demanded by farmers and other actors in agrifood systems and rural development
Van den Ban and Hawkins, 1985, 1997
according to _______ and ______, extension is the conscious use of communication of information to help people form sound opinions and make good decisions
Blackburn and Flaherty (1994)
according to ________ and _____, extension is the transfer and spread of technology and technical information or know-how from information sources or developers through those who communicate it to those who receive it
Ian Christoplos, 2010
according to __________, extension is a system that facilitates the access of farmers, their organizations, and other market actors to knowledge, information, and technologies; facilitate their interaction with partners in research, education, agri-business, and other relevant institutions; and assist them to develop their own technical, organizational, and management skills and practices
Regina Birner, 2009
according to _____________, extension is the entire set of organizations that support and facilitate people engaged in agricultural production to solve problems and to obtain information, skills, and technologies to improve their livelihoods and well-being
Rural community development
concept of extension wherein extension is viewed as serving to advance rural communities including improvement of their agricultural development tasks.
Comprehensive non-formal continuing community education
concept of extension wherein extension is viewed as provider of non-formal agriculturally related continuing education for multiple audiences such as farmers, youth, the community, etc.
meaning of extension by GFRAS
consist of all the different activities that provide the information and services needed and demanded by farmers and other actors in rural settings to assist them in developing their own technical, organizational, and management skills and practices so as to improve their livelihoods and well-being."
extension workers, extensionists, agricultural extension workers, extension agents, extension advisers, change agents, development facilitators
enumerate the extension actors:
primary function, secondary function, supportive function
enumerate the extension functions based on institutional settings:
- information delivery - educational program delivery - problem-solving - information feedback - adaptive research - community organizing
enumerate the extension functions based on the operations of national extension systems:
informative, persuasive, emancipatory, formative
enumerate the purposes of extension:
- agriculture, - education - health - industry - rural development
extension functions in various sectors
facilitation
extension supports farmers to become more actively embedded in the agricultural knowledge and information system (Neuchatel Group, 2001)
advisory work
extension supports farmers to solve their own problems now and in the future
primary
functions for an agency or organization as with the agricultural extension service
supportive function
functions for credit institutions, supply agencies, and marketing agencies
secondary function
functions for private firms and cooperatives
transfer of technology
it supports farmers improve their ability to use new technology
formative
purpose of extension which aims in developing the human being, on 'forming' or enhancing his or her capacities to make decisions, to learn, to manage, to communicate with others, to analyze the environment, to be a leader, etc.
emancipatory
purpose of extension which aims to be an instrument to uplift the poor and to achieve social objectives or correcting structural problems
persuasive
purpose of extension which aims to induce positive attitude towards doing something for the good of society or preventive behavior with respect to societal objectives (e.g. environmental pollution, health hazards or traffic safety, etc.)
informative
purpose of extension which aims to provide information to individuals/groups to help them make optimal decisions with respect to achieve their own goals
meaning of RAS
rural advisory services
agricultural performance, rural community development, comprehensive non-formal continuing community education
three concepts of extension