AGRI 61 - Overview of extension (MOD 1)

Addison Maunder, 1973

According to _______ extension is a service or system which assist farm people, through educational procedures in: - improving farming methods and techniques - increasing production efficiency and income - bettering their levels of living and - lifting social and educational standards

Kelsey and Hearne, 1963

According to _______ extension is an out-of-school system of education in which adults and young people learn by doing

Paul Leagans, 1961

According to _______ extension is putting useful knowledge to work

Niels Rolings, 1988

According to ________, extension is a professional communication intervention deployed by an institution to induce change in voluntary behavior with presumed public or collective utility

Swanson and Claar, 1984

According to ___________ and _______, extension is an ongoing process of getting useful information to people and then assisting those people to acquire the necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes to utilize effectively this information and technology

meaning of AAS

Agricultural advisory services

Agricultural performance

a concept of extension wherein extension is viewed only in terms of improving production and profitability of farmers

FAO

according to ______ (2010), extension are the all different activities that provide the information and advisory services that are needed and demanded by farmers and other actors in agrifood systems and rural development

Van den Ban and Hawkins, 1985, 1997

according to _______ and ______, extension is the conscious use of communication of information to help people form sound opinions and make good decisions

Blackburn and Flaherty (1994)

according to ________ and _____, extension is the transfer and spread of technology and technical information or know-how from information sources or developers through those who communicate it to those who receive it

Ian Christoplos, 2010

according to __________, extension is a system that facilitates the access of farmers, their organizations, and other market actors to knowledge, information, and technologies; facilitate their interaction with partners in research, education, agri-business, and other relevant institutions; and assist them to develop their own technical, organizational, and management skills and practices

Regina Birner, 2009

according to _____________, extension is the entire set of organizations that support and facilitate people engaged in agricultural production to solve problems and to obtain information, skills, and technologies to improve their livelihoods and well-being

Rural community development

concept of extension wherein extension is viewed as serving to advance rural communities including improvement of their agricultural development tasks.

Comprehensive non-formal continuing community education

concept of extension wherein extension is viewed as provider of non-formal agriculturally related continuing education for multiple audiences such as farmers, youth, the community, etc.

meaning of extension by GFRAS

consist of all the different activities that provide the information and services needed and demanded by farmers and other actors in rural settings to assist them in developing their own technical, organizational, and management skills and practices so as to improve their livelihoods and well-being."

extension workers, extensionists, agricultural extension workers, extension agents, extension advisers, change agents, development facilitators

enumerate the extension actors:

primary function, secondary function, supportive function

enumerate the extension functions based on institutional settings:

- information delivery - educational program delivery - problem-solving - information feedback - adaptive research - community organizing

enumerate the extension functions based on the operations of national extension systems:

informative, persuasive, emancipatory, formative

enumerate the purposes of extension:

- agriculture, - education - health - industry - rural development

extension functions in various sectors

facilitation

extension supports farmers to become more actively embedded in the agricultural knowledge and information system (Neuchatel Group, 2001)

advisory work

extension supports farmers to solve their own problems now and in the future

primary

functions for an agency or organization as with the agricultural extension service

supportive function

functions for credit institutions, supply agencies, and marketing agencies

secondary function

functions for private firms and cooperatives

transfer of technology

it supports farmers improve their ability to use new technology

formative

purpose of extension which aims in developing the human being, on 'forming' or enhancing his or her capacities to make decisions, to learn, to manage, to communicate with others, to analyze the environment, to be a leader, etc.

emancipatory

purpose of extension which aims to be an instrument to uplift the poor and to achieve social objectives or correcting structural problems

persuasive

purpose of extension which aims to induce positive attitude towards doing something for the good of society or preventive behavior with respect to societal objectives (e.g. environmental pollution, health hazards or traffic safety, etc.)

informative

purpose of extension which aims to provide information to individuals/groups to help them make optimal decisions with respect to achieve their own goals

meaning of RAS

rural advisory services

agricultural performance, rural community development, comprehensive non-formal continuing community education

three concepts of extension