AH 382 Japanese Art History

tatami

-straw matting in a standard size, used as a floor covering in Japanese houses

Fig. 262 Kinkakuji (Temple of the Golden Pavilion)

Kinkakuji (Temple of the Golden Pavilion), Rokuonji, Kyoto. Rebuilt 1964 after the original of the 1930s. "Ashikaga clan" of Muromachi period

Fig. 288 Fujisan

Koetsu, Fujisan, raku ware tea bowl. Early 17th century. Momoyama period.

Fig. 446 Morning Toilet

Kuroda Seiki (1866-1924), Morning Toilet. 1893. Oil on canvas; 178.5 x 98 cm. (Destroyed).

Fig. 201 Portrait of Yoritomo

Late 12th-century copy of the original of 1179 attributed to Fujiwara No Takanobu. Hanging scroll, color on silk; height 139.3 cm. Kyoto.

FIG.215 The Priest Chogen

(1121-1206). Todaiji. Early 13th century. Wood with paint; height 82.2 cm.

Nihonga

- "Japanese painting" - modified traditional Japanese painting stye promoted by Fenollosa first and later by Okakura Tenshin to be distinguished from western style painting (yoga) - Hishida Shunso (1874- 1910), a student of Okakura Tenshin, is considered as one of the major artists in this genre (fig. 432) ** Hishida Shunso, Fallen Leaves, a pair of two- panel byobu, 1909

Ukiyo-e

- "pictures of the floating world" - "ukiyo" originally expressed the buddhist idea of the transitory nature of life - this notion was overturned during the Edo period - during Edo Ukiyo came to mean the secular world set aside for entertainment and amusement - licensed pleasure quarters - depicted everyday life and activities of these various pleasure quarters - subjects: courtesans, kabuki actors, and entertainment for men

The Rinpa School

- "rinpa" means "the school of Rin (or Rim)" - "rin" comes from Ogata Korin (1658-1637) - revitalized the yamato-e tradition of Koetsu and Sotatsu ** Rinpa artist DID NOT work together or in an organized or hereditary institution (or workshop) ** Ogata Korin, Irises, a pair of six-panel byobu (free standing screen), c. 1701, Edo period

yoga

- "western - style painting", yet generally means western oil paintings done by Jap artist with western traditional conventions and techniques -term 1st used during the Meiji period to distinguish from Nihonga ( Jap. painting) - Kuroda Seiki (1866-1924) was among the leaders of the yoga movement in Japan ** Yorozu tetsugoro, nude beauty, oil on canvas, 1912. fig. 451 ** Yorozu tetsugoro reclinging woman 1912, fig 451

The Ashikaga Clan

- 1 of the influential samurai clans in Jap. history - est. Ashikaga shogunate that dominated Japan from 1333-1573 - most successful ruler is 3rd shogun Yoshimitsu (1358-1409) - great patron of the arts

Sesshu

- 1420-1506 - shubun's discipline and successor - zen priest - sketches of Chinese countryside of 2 years - adapted contemporary Ming artists work and transformed them into his own style - flattened surfaces, total disregard for perspective based on depth

Sen no Rikyu

- 1522-1591 - most venerated tea master of the Momoyama period - est. rituals and aesthetics of the 1st Japan teahouse built as an independent structure as opposed to being apart of a house ** The Taian teahouse

Dr. Fenollosa

- 1853-1908 - American scholar who devised the Jap gov. that indigenous artistic traditions should be preserved even if adapted or modernized, for at the time all branches of art studies from oil painting to industrial design was from the western origin. - promoted the modified traditional Jap painting style (nihonga) and maintained that the powerful, expressive Jap. kano line was essential but that it should be reinforced with more realistic western techniques. **Dr. Fenollosa also advised the government to open an art school, where young artists were trained in the native artistic style such as the Tokyo Art School opened in 1889. Left Japan in 1890.

Okakura Tenshin

- 1862-1913 - art critic who had great influence on modern Jap art - after Fenollosa left Japan, he became the director of the Tokyo College of Fine Arts - in contrast to Fenollosa's stress on the bold Kano school line, Okakura promoted a delicately expressive line derived from yamato-e

Kuroda Seiki

- 1866-1924 - considered as the founder of modern western style art in Japan - went to study law in Paris, ended up staying for 10 years and became a painter ** Morning Toliet (1893) fig. 66, most controversial and accomplished painting- considered pornographic work in Japan when it was on display - Competed with Fontanesi's students (Antonia Fontanesi was an Italian artist who came to Japan as an art teacher and tainted a number of Japanese artists). Joined Okakura's Tokyo Art School in 1896. See fig. 446. ** Kuroda Seiki (1866-1924), Morning Toliet, 1893, fig. 446

Sotatsu

- active 1600-40 - the greatest master of evocative screen painting - combined traditional themes of the indigenous school of Japanese narrative hand-scroll painting with bold, decorative designs of the great screen painters of the Momoyama period - mainly early Edo period - birth and death dates unknown ** often worked with Koetsu (1588-1637), a great calligrapher ** Sotatsu, Matsushima (pine Island), double 6-panel screen; ink and colors on gold paper, early 17th cent, Edo period * figs. 311,,, 307, 310

Shubun

- c. 1460 - a zen priest & one of the greatest masters of monochromatic ink work of the 15th cent - has painted several subjects in a variety of mediums - extant works attributed to him are landscapes, mostly on folding screens, sliding doors, and Kakemono - typical shubun is "visionary" - depiction derived from the wholly imagination of a scene set in China

Chonin

- class of townsmen that emerged in Japan during the early days of Edo period. (1615-1868) and became an influential and prosperous part of society - generally merchants, though craftsmen and artisans were included

Unkei

- exact dates known d. 1223 - most distinguished members of the Kei school - participated in rebuilding campaigns of Todaiji & Kofukuji in Nara in the late 12th cent. - NOT a member of a warrior class - surviving works show the vigor & strength of the new military age - very different from the softness and even femininity of Fujiwara art - stylistically his work emphasized realism ** reminiscent of dry lacquer image of blind priest Ganji

Daimyo

- feudal lords (court-aristocrat or samurai) of a large estate - 11th cent, used later half of 19th cent - military class (samurai) increased #'s and importance (11-12th cent) - term was applied to military lords who exercised territorial control over the various private estates into which the country became divided

kakemono

- hanging scroll in Jap. - painting or a piece of calligraphy executed on paper or silk mounted on a paper backing that Is strong enough to support the weight of the artwork yet flexible enough to be rolled for storage. - popular under zen buddhism - produced for tea ceremony (13th- 15th cent) - chief advantage of the hanging scroll is that It is small and light weight enough to be easily hung or re-rolled & replaced by another

The Kano School

- longest lived and most influential school of painting in Jap history - founded by Kano Masanobu during the Muromachi period - became popular and dominant during the Momoyama period - Kano Eitoku received various commissions from warlords to decorate their castles ** Kano Eitoku (1543-1590), Cypress, an 8 panel byobu, 1950

Shogun

- official title of the leader of the military government - given from the imperial court - after this title (shogun) the gov that the shogun founded is known in English as the shogunate ** Bakufu in Japanese

Nanban (or Namban) Culture

- paintings depicting western culture/ people were done by the Japanese painters in early 17th cent

The Meiji Restoration in 1868

- political event that brought the fall of Tokugawa shogunate and return control to imperial rule - rule under emperor Meiji (1852-1912), when 17 he moved capital from edo to Kyoto and later to Tokyo, capital of the east - Meiji period (1868- 1912), modernization and westernization of japan - regain glory - westrn style schools and universities opened gov. invited western experts to chair departments- new generation of Japanese art students. ** Japan also participated in international exhibitions and fairs such as the Chicago's World Fair in 1893, where the replica of the Byodoin (late Heian period's Buddhist temple of the Fujiwara clan) was built as Japan's exhibition hall.

Zen Buddhism

- zen in Jap, Chan in Chinese, Dhyana in Sanskrit - means meditation: cross- legged yogic position - 1 of the most fundamental practices in buddhism - Gautama: achieved enlightenment while in deep meditative state - Zen encouraged the seeking of personal enlightenment (realization of 1's buddha nature) - through discipline and effort - tradition was intro by priest Bodhidharma. then to Japan in late 12th cent.

Yoritomo Minamoto (Minamoto no Yoritomo)

-1147-99 - as chieftain of the Minamoto samurai clan, Yoritomo became the 1st shogun (title received from the imperial court) - creation of this exclusively military organization at Kamakura marked the beginning of the medieval era of Japanese history

Samurai

-The aristocracy of the military clans, newly appeared in the Kamakura period (1185-1333)

fusuma

-during Momoyama period - along with free standing folding screens (byobu, fusuma) - vertical rectangular sliding panel, painted or decorated. - used as a door or movable wall - Fusuma: wide use in residential architecture for nobility, the daimyo & samurai - consist of light wood frame enclosing a lattice of thin wood stripes - paper pasted to foundation to build up a backing to support the surface, paper sometimes silk, which painting has been executed

FIG. 220 Muchaku by Unkei

1212. Wood with paint and inlaid eyes; height 188 cm.

Fig. 322 Morning Haze

Harunobu, Morning Haze, from Eight Sophisticated Views of Edo, c. 1769. Polychrome woodblock print

Fig. 432 Fallen Leaves

Hishida Shunso, Fallen Leaves, a pair of two-panel byobu. 1909. color on paper; each screen 152 x 152 cm. Private Collection, Tokyo.

Fig. 319 Illustration from Yashiwara no tei (The Appearance of Yoshiwara)

Illustration from Yashiwara no tei (The Appearance of Yoshiwara), a woodblock series by Hishikawa Moronobu, showing a teahouse scene. 1678. Onecolor woodblock print on paper; 23.2 x 38.1 cm.

FIG. 296 Cypress

Kano Eitoku (1543-1590), Cypress, an eight panel byobu. 1590. Color ink, and gold leaf on paper; 170 x 460 cm. Tokyo National Museum.

Figs. 278 and 279 Katsura Imperial Villa

Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto. 1620 -23 built near the Katsura river

Fig. 365 Irises

Okata Korin, Irises. A pair of six panel byobu (free standing screen). c. 1701 (Edo period). Color with gold leaf on paper. Each screen 150.9 x 338.8 cm.

Fig. 282 Pair of six panel namban byobu

Pair of six panel namban byobu. Early 17th century. Color and gold leaf on paper; each screen: 155x 334 cm. Imperial Household Agency.

Fig. 260 Winter Landscape

Sesshu, Winter Landscape. c. 1470s. Ink on paper; 46.4 x 29.4 cm. Tokyo National Museum.

Fig. 325 Ogishi Kurando's wife

Sharaku, Ogishi Kurando's wife, 1794. Polychrome woodblock print

Fig. 259 Reading in the Bamboo Study

Shubun, c. 1446. Hanging scroll, ink and color on paper; 136.5 x 33.6 cm. Tokyo National Museum.

Fig. 311 Matsushima (Pine Island)

Sotatsu, Matsushima (Pine Island). Double six panel screen; ink and colors on gold paper. Early 17th century.

Example of a study room (sho-in) in a Zen Buddhist temple. See fig. 268

Taian Tea house. Original Taian was built between 1582 and 1583 within Hideyoshi's castle in Yamazaki. Rebuilt based on the account left by Sen no Rikyu (1521-91).

Fig. 284 Tea Ceremony water jar

Tea Ceremony water jar. 16th century (Momoyama period). Stoneware painted with feldspar glaze.

Fig. 288 Koetsu, raku ware tea bowl

Tea bowl called Mount Fuji, by Honami Kōetsu, raku ware. early 17th cent. Earthware with glaze; height 3 3/8 in (8.5 cm), private collection

Fig. 327 Five Kinds of ink from the Northern Provinces

Utamaro, Five Kinds of ink from the Northern Provinces, early 1790s. Polychrome woodblock print

Fig. 250 Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto area (Garden of the Ryoanji temple)*

Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto area (Garden of the Ryoanji temple)**First established around 1500. Example of kare-sansui.

FIG. 258 Catching a Catfish with a guard

by Josetsu, C. 1413, Hanging Scroll, ink and color on paper, Taizõin, Myōshinji. Kyoto

Fig. 213 Heiji monogatari scroll

depicting fighting between the Minamoto and Taira in 1159. Ink, colors on paper. 41.3 cm x 699.7 cm. Late 13th century (Kamakura period). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.