aice psychology note cards
Intrinsic Motivation
"Intrinsic motivation occurs when we act without any obvious external rewards. We simply enjoy an activity or see it as an opportunity to explore, learn, and actualize our potentials." (Coon & Mitterer, 2010)
classical conditioning
(also Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning) is a kind of learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
Operant Chamber
(also known as the Skinner box) is a laboratory apparatus used in the experimental analysis of behavior to study animal behavior.
observational learning
(also known as vicarious learning, social learning, or modeling) is a type of learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating novel behavior executed by others.
Operant Behavior
(or instrumental conditioning) is a type of learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by its antecedents and consequences.
attention
-Attention is a concept studied in cognitive psychology that refers to how we actively process specific information present in our environment. -"is the taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what may seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thoughts...It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others." William James
Self-Regulation
-refers to our ability to direct our behavior and control our impulses so that we meet certain standards, achieve certain goals, or reach certain ideals. - involves being able to set goals, monitoring one's behavior to ensure that it is in line with those goals, and having the willpower to persist until goals are reached.
John Garcia
-was an American psychologist, most known for his research on taste aversion learning. -best known for discovering exceptions to the process of learning by classical conditioning.
B.F. Skinner
1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box
Albert Bandura
1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning, stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play
Ivan Pavlov
A Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into learned behavior (conditioning) who discovered classical conditioning through the salvation of dogs
Behaviorism
A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
Reciprocal Determinism
According to Albert Bandura, a person's behavior is both influenced by and influences a person's personal factors and the environment.
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner (1938) coined the term operant conditioning; it means roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response. Skinner identified three types of responses or operant that can follow behavior.
Reproduction
Biologically, production of new individuals from parental entities in perpetuation of the species. May be sexual or asexual in nature.
Trace Conditioning
CS and US do not overlap. Instead, the CS begins and ends before the US is presented. The stimulus-free period is called the trace interval. It may also be called the conditioning interval.
Simultaneous Conditioning
CS and US presented together. Not very good.
retention
Endurance of behaviors which have been learned or acquired when the behavior is not being utilized; signified by being able to recall, relearn, recognize, or reproduce the behavior. Preservation of a memory within the mind. A subject's refusal or incapability to defecate or urinate.
Negative Punishment
In an attempt to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, an operant response is followed by the removal of an appetitive stimulus. This is negative punishment.
Unconditioned Stimulus
In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS) is any stimulus that can evoke a response without the organism going through any previous learning; the response to the US (the unconditioned response) occurs naturally.
Conditioned Response
In classical conditioning, the conditioned response (CR) is the learned response (reflexive behavior) to a conditioned stimulus (CS). This response is almost identical to the Unconditioned Stimulus except that now the reflexive behavior occurs in response to a conditioned stimulus as opposed to an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus
In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Unconditioned Response
In classical conditioning, there are stimuli that can produce responses all by themselves and without any prior learning. These types of stimuli are called unconditioned stimuli (US or UCS) and they evoke unconditioned responses (UR or UCR), or responses that are completely natural and occur without an organism going through any prior learning.
Escape Learning
It refers to a learning whereby an organism learns to escape a harmful stimulus by using a response referred to as an instrumental or operant response. The theory was advanced by U.S. psychologist Orval Hobart Mowrer.
Modeling
Modeling is a form of learning where individuals ascertain how to act or perform by observing another individual.
Positive Punishment
Positive punishment works by presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future.
Variable interval
The concept of reinforcement is that the reinforcer should provide motivation for the behavior to be repeated. In the context of operant conditioning, 'variable' means that a behavior is being reinforced on an inconsistent schedule. 'Interval' refers to the passage of time between reinforcement.
John Watson and Rosalie rayner
They taught a baby, Little Albert, to be scared of a white rat by playing a loud noise after he touched it
Avoidance Learning
This theory was originally proposed in order to explain discriminated avoidance learning, in which an organism learns to avoid an aversive stimulus by escaping from a signal for that stimulus. The theory assumes that two processes take place: a) Classical conditioning of fear.
Respondent Behavior
a behavioral process (or behavior) that happens in response to some stimuli, and is essential to an organism's survival. This behavior is characterized by involuntary action
Continuous Reinforcement
a schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of the instrumental response (desired response) is followed by the reinforcer. Lab example: each time a rat presses a bar it gets a pellet of food.
Cognitive Map
also: mental map or mental model) is a type of mental representation which serves an individual to acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment.
Self-Efficacy
coined by Albert Bandura is a person's belief in his or her ability to complete a future task or solve a future problem.
Extrinsic Motivation
comes from outside of the individual. Common extrinsic motivations are rewards (for example money or grades) for showing the desired behavior, and the threat of punishment following misbehavior.
Shaping
conditioning paradigm used primarily in the experimental analysis of behavior. The method used is differential reinforcement of successive approximations. It was introduced by B.F. Skinner with pigeons and extended to dogs, dolphins, humans and other species.
motivation
desire and action towards goal-directed behavior
Fixed interval
fixed interval refers to a schedule of reinforcement used within operant conditioning. You might remember that operant conditioning is a type of associative learning in which a person's behavior changes according to that behavior's consequences.
Delayed Condtioning
he CS is presented before the US and it (CS) stays on until the US is presented. This is generally the best, especially when the delay is short.
Chaining
instructional procedure used in behavioral psychology, experimental analysis of behavior and applied behavior analysis. It involves reinforcing individual responses occurring in a sequence to form a complex behavior.
Latent Learning
is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned.
Learning
is a process that depends on experience and leads to long-term changes in behavior potential. Behavior potential designates the possible behavior of an individual, not actual behavior.
E.L. Thorndike
is famous in psychology for his work on learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning within behaviorism.
Extinction
is observed in both operantly conditioned and classically conditioned behavior. When operant behavior that has been previously reinforced no longer produces reinforcing consequences the behavior gradually stops occurring
Associative Learning
is the process by which an association between two stimuli or a behavior and a stimulus is learned. The two forms of associative learning are classical and operant conditioning.
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
more resistant to extinction than continuous reinforcement schedules. Ratio schedules are more resistant than interval schedules and variable schedules more resistant than fixed ones.
Primary Reinforcer
occur naturally and do not need to be learned -refers to anything that provides reinforcement without the need for learning to an organism.
Negative Reinforcement
occurs when a certain stimulus (usually an aversive stimulus) is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. The likelihood of the particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased because of removing/avoiding the negative consequence.
Over-Justification Effect
occurs when the introduction of an extrinsic reward decreases your intrinsic motivation to do something. When we start performing an activity because of its rewards, the removal of the reward will lead to us no longer performing the activity.
Backwards Conditioning
refers to a procedure whereby an unconditioned stimulus is consistently presented before a neutral stimulus. This arrangement does not produce a change in the effect of a neutral stimulus.
Conditioned (secondary) Reinforce
refers to a situation in which a stimulus reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer
Acquisitions
refers to the first stages of learning when a response is established. In classical conditioning, it refers to the period of time when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response.
Variable ratio
schedule of reinforcement is a schedule of reinforcement wherein a reinforcer is provided following a pre-determined average number of responses.
Fixed ratio
schedules deliver reinforcement after every nth response.
Little Albert
subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear
reinforcer
term used in operant condition to describe any event (stimulus, object...anything) that strengthens the frequency of the behavior that precedes it.
Discrimination
the ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli. It is considered a more advanced form of learning than generalization, the ability to perceive similarities, although animals can be trained to discriminate as well as to generalize
Generalization
the act or process of responding to a stimulus similar to but distinct from the conditioned stimulus. Also called response generalization. the act or process of making a different but similar response to the same stimulus.
Spontaneous Recovery
was the reappearance of a Conditioned Response (CR) that had been extinguished. In other words, it no longer occurred.
Law of effect
which stated that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.
Positive Reinforcement
works by presenting a motivating/reinforcing stimulus to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future.
