airway and breathing test prep
a patient presents with an acute onset of dyspnea. which of the following conditions would be least likely underlying causes?
pneumonia
which of the following techniques to devices will provide the highest title volume in a
pocket face mask with oxygen attached
when providing positive pressure ventilation ppv to a patient, the paramedic should recall that what?
ppv can impaired venous return and cause hypotension
a 44 year-old male was found unresponsive by his wife. according to his wife he had been drinking bourbon and whiskey all day. he is unresponsive has slow shallow respirations and a slow week post. You should what?
probably intubate trachea and support relations
a 56 year old male presents with respiratory distress. he appears tired and it slow to answer your questions. he is taking a series of quick breaths, followed by prolong exhalation. on the basis of these clinical findings you should do what?
provide some form of positive pressure ventilation
a 16 year old male presents with acute respiratory distress. his mother tells you that he recently lost his job. he is conscious and alert, but obviously anxious. he has a respiratory rate of 40 breaths per minute and its oxygen saturation is 98% of room air. further assessment reveals carpopedal spasms to his hands. initial management of this patient should include what?
providing coaching to slow the patient's breathing
after intubating a cardiac arrest patient, You observe a capnography reading that is steadily decreasing. during each ventilation, you see obvious bilateral chest rise and vinatieri compliance is dead. You should what?
re-evaluate the effectiveness of your CPR
all intubating a 44 year-old man in respiratory arrest, you note that his pulse rate increases during the procedure. What should you do?
recognize this as a normal response during intubation and monitor the pulse rate
treatment for a patient with an acute asthma attack should focus on which of the following goals?
relief of the broncos spasm and improved ventilation
you are attempting to ventilate a patient with a bag valve mask device and do not see the chest visibly rise. What should your initial course of action be?
reposition the patient's head
830 year old man overdosed on codeine and has respirations of 6 breaths per minute and shallow. which of the following conditions will he develop initially?
respiratory acidosis
an unresponsive man is brought to the emergency department by his wife. initial arterial blood gas analysis reveals a pH of 7.1, a pao2 of 81, in a paco2 of 60. these findings are most consistent with what?
respiratory acidosis
a trauma patient is being transferred from one facility to another. The patient is intubated and is on a mechanical transport ventilator. during transport, the high pressure alarm sound on the ventilator goes off. which of the following would most likely cause this?
the ET tube is in the right mainstream bronchitis
which of the following processes occurs during inhalation?
the diaphragm contracts and descends, in Earth erratic pressure decreases, in air enters the lungs be negative pressure
which of the following most accurately describes the process of gas exchange in the lungs?
the gases exchanged in the lungs move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
you are ventilating an intubated patient who has been in cardiac arrest for approximately 15 minutes. despite the presence of bilateral equal breath sounds, quantitative capnography persistently reads less than 10. this most likely indicates that?
the patient is not producing carbon dioxide
the respiratory center in the medulla is divided into three regions, the respiratory rhythmicity center, the apneustic center, in the pneumotaxic center.
the respiratory rhythmicity center sets the respiratory rate
when passing an endotracheal tube in between the vocal cords the paramedic should we call that what?
the trachea descends into the chest cavity just beyond the vocal cords
you are ventilating an unresponsive, apnic 50 year old man. he has a pulse, but it is rapid and weak. when ventilating patient it is most important to what?
Ben wait until the chest visibly rises only
23 year old male is found unresponsive. according to his friend patient had a headache and said he was going to take a nap. his breathing is rapid and shallow, his pulse is rapid and weak, he is diaphoretic. which of the following represents the most appropriate treatment for the patient?
assessment locations with a bad valve mask device, assess his blood glucose level, apply cardiac monitor, obtain vital signs, established vascular ass gas
when a man string oxygen via nasal cannula during long range transport you should what?
attach an oxygen humidifier
after inserting an advanced airway into an adult patient who is in cardiac arrest, you should what?
deliver each breath over a. of one second at a rate of 10 breaths per minute one every six seconds
which of the following clinical presentations is most indicative of a patent airway?
diaphoresis, tachycardia, gallion. gagging means that they have an intact you gag reflex which is good
which of the following statements regarding physiologic Dead space is correct?
diffuse alveolar collapse increases the size of physiologic Dead space
sodium bicarbonate is used to treat restless antidepressant overdose, not beta blocker overdose.
do patients bradycardia is caused by decreased sympathetic tone not by parasympathetic tone there for atropine will likely be an effective.
an adult patient without respiratory distress, who is breathing at a rate of 14 times per minute and has adequate tidal volume, will most likely what?
eliminate adequate carbon dioxide from the body
which of the following respiratory diseases is associated with decreased alveolar elasticity, air trapping in the lungs, and an increase in residual lung volume?
emphysema
a patient was bitten by fire ants and is unresponsive. his fear edema to the face and neck and generalized you're the kardia hives. breath sounds are difficult to hear, and loud inspiratory stridor is noted. which of the following interventions is the highest priority?
endotracheal intubation
which of the following airway devices is most appropriate to use in a deeply unresponsive intoxicated patient?
endotracheal tube
a known heroin abuser is found unresponsive by law enforcement officer. your primary assessment of the patient, the 24 year old female, reveals that she is unresponsive, is breathing at a rate of 6 breaths per minute and shallow, has a pulse rate of 40 beats per minute and weak. You should what?
ensure that her airway is clear and begin assisting her ventilations
prior to applying a nonrebreathing mask on a responsive patient with respiratory distress you what?
ensure that the reservoir bag is fully inflated
with regard to endotracheal intubation, which of the following is the most harmful to your patient if unrecognized?
esophageal intubation
a patient with a reactive lower airway disease would be expected to present with what?
expiratory wheezing
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between inspired air and the pulmonary capillaries is called what?
external respiration
because the patient is unresponsive, in are reactant oral or nasal should be inserted, which along with manual airway positioning, will help maintain airway patency. The patient in this scenario has adequate ventilation 14 breaths per minute and adequate death there for supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula or non rebreathing mask depending on the patient's oxygen saturation would be most appropriate initial approach. it is essential to continue to monitor the patient for signs of inadequate ventilation, and be prepared to assist ventilations if needed. advance every management should be considered if the unresponsive patient required to Lori support, especially if need for ventilatory support will be
f***
a 60 year old man reports dyspnea. while auscultating his chest, you hear fine, moist, then sounds in all lung Fields. this is most suggestive of what?
fluid in the smaller airways
a hypoxemic patient what?
has a decreased oxygen level in arterial blood
you would most likely encounter britainia and a patient who what?
has metabolic alkalosis causing respiratory acidosis
if he give fluid boluses use extreme caution too much fluid in a bradycardia patient cause pulmonary edema
calcium chloride and gluconate are used to treat conditions such as hypocalcemia, calcium channel blocker overdose, and magnesium sulfate toxicity
you were treating a 50 year old male who ingested a significant amount of his prescribed propranolol. he is unresponsive, bradycardia, hypo tensive, and has poor respiratory effort. in addition to assisting his ventilations, applying a cardiac monitor, and establish vascular access, the most important treatment for him includes what?
cardiac pacing, glucagon, and a vasopressor.
which of the following interventions is most appropriate when treating an unresponsive adult with severe foreign airway obstruction?
chest compressions, ruins your scope and use of magill forceps, Piper thought of me
a responsive 20 year old male with a suspected foreign body airway obstruction is anxious, coughing forcefully, and able to speak with difficulty. You should what?
closely monitor the patient's condition and encourage him to keep coughing
in which of the following situations would it be most appropriate to insert a king LT supraglottic airway?
comatose patient who ingested aspirin, aspirin overdose depresses respiratory rate for increases ask somebody
a 66 year old male presents with labored breathing. he is conscious and alert however he is Technic, technocratic, and experiencing difficulty speaking. he has a history of hypertension and congestive heart failure. auscultation of lungs reveals diffuse coarse crackles and his oxygen saturation is 86%. which of the following interventions will be of most benefit of this patient?
continuous positive airway pressure CPAP
common signs of a laryngeal fracture include all of the following except what?
hematemesis
amiodarone is contraindicated with patients and bradycardia
hypotension and bradycardia are not distant with hypovolemia
you are ventilating an apneic, intubated patient and note that his etco2 reading, per waveform capnography, is 56. You should do what?
increase the rate of ventilations
which of the following occurs when a patient is hypoventilating?
increased paco2, decreased pao2, decreased pH
immediately after placing an endotracheal tube in the trachea of an adult, the paramedic should what?
inflate the distal cuff with 5 to 10 mL of air
in contrast to the Nemo toxic center of the medulla, the apneustic center what?
influences the respiratory rate by increasing in number of inspirations per minute
you have attempted orotracheal intubation on a cardiac arrest patient, but were unsuccessful after 2 attempts. when you resume that mask ventilations, you were unable to maintain adequate mask to face seal. You should do?
insert a multi lumen or supraglottic airway device
initial management of an unresponsive 20 year old patient with respirations of 14 breaths per minute and adequate death should include what?
insert an airway Oxygen and administer supplemental oxygen
yep and ventilating an unresponsive apneic 42 year old male for approximately 12 minutes. after securing his airway with an endotracheal tube and confirming proper ET tube placement you should what?
insert an orogastric or nasogastric tube
a 70 year old male presents with confusion, a blood pressure of 74 over 56, a pulse of 80 beats per minute and weak. his son tells you that he had black story tool for the past three days, he refused to go the hospital. he further tells you that his father has hypertension and Alzheimer's disease, and hands you a medication list that includes toprol, zestril, Seroquel, and vitamins. You should be most concerned that this patient is what?
is hypoperfusion
the apneustic center influences the respiratory rate by increasing number of inspiration per minute
it's activity is countered by the pneumotaxic center, wish inhibits in spiration
a 40 year old man attempted suicide by shooting himself in the face with a shotgun. The scene is secure and law enforcement has the weapon. when paramedics arrived, they find him sitting in chair. there is a massive soft tissue damage to his face, his mandible is gone and his upper airway structures are exposed. he is conscious and alert, his oxygen saturation is 96% on room air, and his respiratory rate is 22 breaths per minute. The paramedics what?
keep them sitting up, section azaria, and transport
after placing an endotracheal tube in a cardiac arrest patient, large amounts of vomitus immediately begin flowing out of the tube. You should what?
leave the ET tube in place, folded to the side of the rhombus and drain, and resume back mask ventilations
a 70 year old man complains of dyspnea that began 2 days ago. he cannot speak more than three words at a time without stopping to catch his breath. which of the following assessments would give you the most information regarding a possible cause of dyspnea?
lung sounds
immediate treatment for an unresponsive patient with sonorous breathing involves what?
manual head positioning
when attempting visualization of the vocal cords with a curved laryngoscope blade you should what?
place the tip of the blade in the vallecula, and let the jaw, tongue, and blade gently at a 45 degree angle
in times of increased demand the pneumotaxic center and decreases its influence, thereby increasing the respiratory rate. as the chest wall expands, mechanical stretch receptors in the lungs send signals to the app new plastic center via the vagus nerve to inhibit the inspiratory system, and expiration occurs.
this feedback loop which combines neural and mechanical control is called the hering Breuer reflex. it is a protective mechanism that terminates inspiration that's preventing over expansion of lungs
ventilation of an adult patient with a stoma and no tracheostomy tube is most effectively achieved by?
using an infant or child size masks attached to an adult size bag valve mask device
glucagon is given to patients with beta blocker toxicity it's positive inotropic and chronotropic effects have been shown to improve cardiac output
vasopressors such as epinephrine are used to treat beta blocker toxicity although higher than usual doses may be needed
a 56 year old woman presents with acute respiratory distress. she is confused, has cyanosis around her mouth, and can we speak in two word sentences. You should what?
ventilate with a bag valve mask device
when assessing a responsive patient with a suspected pulmonary embolism PE, it is important to remember that what?
ventilation continues, but oxygenation is inadequate
the paramedic is ventilating an unresponsive intubated patient and can clearly see her chest rise with each ventilation. his partner reports that the patient's blood pressure has decreased from 130 / 8290 / 60. which of the following would best explain this?
ventilations are being delivered too quickly or with too much volume
tidal volume is defined as the what?
volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per breath
which of the following clinical presentations is most indicative of a severe upper airway obstruction?
weak cough and cyanosis
what is the fraction of inspired oxygen fio2 delivered to an apneic patient who is receiving bag mask ventilation without supplemental oxygen attack?
0.21 21%
which of the following is most consistent with inadequate breathing in an adult?
14 breaths per minute with reduced tidal volume. anytime tidal volume is reduced you must assist for the ventilations
what is the approximate minute alveolar volume of a patient who breathes in 550 ml of air at a rate of 14 times per minute?
5.4 l per minute
which of the following patients would benefit most from continuous positive airway pressure CPAP?
61 year old male with severe respiratory distress and diffuse crackles
normal partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is what?
8200 fink spo2 pulse ox
what is the approximate minute alveolar volume of a patient who is breathing at a rate of 26 breaths per minute with an estimated total volume of 450 ml?
8200 ml
a 6 year old female presents with acute respiratory distress. The patient has a tracheostomy tube in place, but is unable to breathe spontaneously. she is conscious, but restless. her heart rate is 120 beats per minute and her oxygen saturation is 82%. You should what?
assess for secretions in the tracheostomy tube and suction the tube if needed
when pincher bug pinching my ass pincher bugs and spiders in son of a b**** f****** summer when arterial
I'm keeping this one
you are ventilating a severely dehydrated apnic 70 year old male with a history of end-stage emphysema. in order to minimize the risk of lowering his cardiac output and blood pressure you should what?
adjust the ventilation rate to allow complete exhalation
common clinical signs of respiratory distress include all of the following except what?
a flushed appearance, it would appear synodic
you are assisting the ventilations of an adult with a bag valve mask device. The patient is unresponsive to pain only and has a heart rate of 140 beats per minute. which of the following signs would indicate that your assisted ventilations or inadequate?
a marked increase in heart rate
when ventilating an intubated patient in cardiac arrest, which of the following end-tidal CO2 etco2 findings indicate return of spontaneous circulation?
abrupt and sustained increase in etco2
a 40 year old woman who was recently discharged from the hospital reports a sudden on set of difficulty breathing and sharp chest pain that increases with breathing. her skin remain cyanotic and her oxygen saturation remain slow, despite high-flow oxygen. which of the following is this patient most likely experiencing?
acute pulmonary embolism from taking it in the hospital too long
a hiker was bitten on the leg by a rattlesnake approximately 20 minutes ago. he complains of pain to the lateral aspect of his left leg, just proximal to his ankle. assessment of the area reveals two small puncture wound surrounding by adema. You also know localized twitching of the calf muscle. he is conscious and alert, but anxious. his blood pressure is 112 over 70, pulse is 120 beats per minute, and respirations are 24 breaths per minute with adequate debt. in addition to keeping calm you should what?
administer high-flow oxygen via non-rebreather mask, apply a sterile dressing over the wound, immobilized leg and keep it below the level of the heart, keep an IV line and set it at 8 keep vein open kvo rate, and transport
a 42 year old male presents with difficulty breathing, diffuse wheezing, you're the card yet hives, and a blood pressure of 74 over 44. his skin is cool and clammy. The paramedics?
administering 0.3 mg of epinephrine 1 1000 SC. actual answer anaphylaxis 0.5 mg mg per milliliter i m in the lateral cry repeat every 10 minutes * 2 as needed maximum three total doses
assessment of a patient with acute respiratory distress reveals that he is conscious and alert, but wheezing on exhale elation. in addition oxygen, management should include what?
administration of an inhaled beta 2 agonist medication albuterol or atrovent
during your assessment of a patient with labored breathing, you know asymmetric chest wall movement. this indicates that what?
air flow into one lung is reduced
which of the following corresponds with phase 3 c - d on a normal capnography waveform?
alveolar gas is passing by the CO2 sensor
which of the following medications is used to sedate patients prior to performing oral tracheal intubation?
amidate
in an otherwise healthy individual, breathing is primarily stimulated by what?
an increase in arterial CO2
an older woman presents with respiratory distress. she is conscious and alert and is able to answer questions with slight difficulty. her respirations are 24 breaths per minute and labored and her oxygen saturation is 89%. further assessment reveals slight cyanosis around her mouth. You should what?
apply a non-rebreather mask that 15 l per minute
while transporting a man with severe respiratory distress, he pulls oxygen mask off his face and frantically attempts to get off the stretcher. You should what?
apply nasal cannula and try to calm the patient
a 6 year old woman presents with difficulty breathing. she is conscious and alert, but anxious, and tells you that she was suddenly awakened with a feeling that she was suffocating. she has dried blood on her lips and cyanosis around her mouth. her heart rate is 120 beats per minute and her oxygen saturation is 89%. your initial action should be what?
apply supplemental oxygen
pulsus paradoxus can also be characterized by marked weakening or even disappearance of upholstering immolation, pulsus paradoxus may be observed in patients experiencing a severe asthma attack or an exacerbation of them to sema in which case air trapping in lungs leads to pulmonary hyperinflation.
as the hyperinflation of lungs put pressure against the heart during inhalation cardiac movement to be physically restricted, pulsus paradoxus may also be observed in patients with severe pericardial tamponade
during an intubation attempt, you were having difficulty viewing to patients vocal cords. which of the following actions would most likely
ask your partner to manipulate the external larynx
which of the following is the most appropriate and effective method of oxygenating a semi-conscious patient with slow shallow breathing?
bag valve mask device
you are ventilating an intubated patient and note decreased compliance with each delivered ventilation. which of the following conditions would be the least likely cause of this?
beta-2 receptor stimulation causing bronco smooth muscle relaxation
you are assessing an unresponsive man's respirations and know that he is taking it regular breaths that vary in volume rate with periods of apnea. The breathing pattern is most consistent with what?
biots respirations
you have intubated a 33 year old woman and cardiac arrest secondary to trauma. while auscultating her lungs, you know breath sounds are absent on the right hemithorax. this clinical finding is most suggestive of what?
blood or are in the right hemithorax
a selective beta 2 adrenergic agonist will produce which of the following effects?
bronchodilation
assessment of a patient with respiratory distress reveals that his expert horry phase is four times longer than his inspiratory phase. which of the following conditions would most likely cause this?
bronchospasm
a 40 year old male presents with acute respiratory distress while eating a meal. he is conscious and alert, is able to speak but with difficulty, and has pink moist skin. which of the following statements best describes the patient's condition?
mild airway obstruction with adequate air exchange
which of the following would most likely occur if an adult patient is breathing at a rate of 36 breaths per minute in shallow?
minute alveolar ventilation would decrease
when performing tracheobronchial suctioning on an adult, it is important to what?
monitor the patient's oxygen saturation and cardiac rhythm
when assessing an unresponsive patient, you know that he is not breathing. which of the following airway devices or interventions is contraindicated?
nasotracheal intubation
which of the following statements regarding the concentration of gases is correct?
nitrogen accounts for approximately 79% of atmospheric air
a firefighter was exposed to smoke during a structure fire. he is conscious, alert, and oriented, but is experiencing respiratory distress. his oxygen saturation is 91% on room air as heart rate is rapid and strong. which of the following is the most appropriate initial means of oxygenation for the station?
non rebreathing mask at 12 to 15 per minute
a six-year-old man was injured when is tractor rolled over him. The tractor is been stabilized by rescue personnel. when you assess a man, you note that he is responsive the pain only. You should what?
open his airway with a jaw thrust maneuver
which of the following is most consistent with a patient who is hypoventilating?
pco2 of 52. normal range is 35 to 45
an unresponsive trauma patient has sonorous respirations and blood draining from the corner of his mouth. What should be your first action?
perform a job thrust maneuver
after determining that your unresponsive patient has a severe complete upper airway obstruction caused by a foreign body you should what?
perform chest compressions
which of the following signs is unique to a severe foreign body upper airway obstruction?
perioral cyanosis
when arterial oxygen levels in the body fall, chemoreceptors in the brain send messages to the diaphragm via the what?
phrenic nerve
while attempting to ventilate an apneic patient with a stoma, you know minimal rise of the chest and can hear air escaping through the upper airway. You should do what?
pinch the nostrils closed, ensure the mouth is closed, Andre attempt to ventilate
which of the following clinical signs is most indicative of adequate breathing?
pink oral mucous membranes
you were in route to the hospital with a patient in respiratory extremis. You have administered a sedative and a paralytic drug to the patient, but have been unable to successfully intubate him after two attempts. your EMT partner tells you that your patient's oxygen saturation is 98% in that the heart rate is 80 beats per minute. your estimated time of arrival at the hospital is 7 minutes. which of the following would be the most appropriate action?
resume bag-mask ventilation at 12 breaths per minute and insert a multi lumen or super glottic airway device
law enforcement request your assistance at a convenience store for a combative patient. You arrive on scene and find a patient, a 40 year old male, sitting in the back of a police car his hands are cuffed behind them. one police officer tells you the clerk of the store called nine-one-one because the patient was acting strange. The patient is conscious and has Peyton their weight however he is agitated and has disorganized speech, and is tacit Nick. further assessment reveals that he is diaphoretic and tachycardic. You should what?
same forward and perform a finger stick to assess his blood glucose level
which of the following patients is the best candidate for nasotracheal intubation?
semi-conscious, pulmonary edema, tachypnea
in which of the following conditions would you most likely detect a drop of systolic blood pressure during inhalation?
severe asthma. pulsus paradoxus a significant drop in systolic blood pressure during inhalation indicates physical restraint and cardiac movement during inhalation.
normal breathing in a resting adult male what?
should be marked by only subtle changes and rate or regularity
after inserting a king LT supraglottic airway device into a patient and played in cup at 40 mL of air, paramedic meets resistance when ventilating and cannot see the patient's chest rise. The paramedics or what?
slowly pull back on the king airway while observing test fries
did 40 year old patient has a blood glucose of 800 and is breathing deeply at a rate of 34 breaths per minute. which of the following should the paramedic expect to observe?
small chap nachricht waves, low end-tidal CO2 reading
a 49 year-old man presents with acute shortness of breath. he is conscious but confused and gasping for air. pulse ox read 79% of Vermeer. initial management should consist of what?
some form of ventilatory assistance
propranolol inderal is a beta blocker. toxicity is Mark pipe profound bradycardia and hypotension. untreated death occurs due to cardiovascular collapse
some patients with beta blocker toxicity require ventilator support. transcutaneous pacing does not always successful should be initiated without delay as you are establishing vascular access.
factors that increase the amount of energy needed for ventilation include all the following except what?
stimulation of beta-2 receptors
a 21 year old man is unresponsive and has shallow, gurgling respirations. after manually opening his airway impairment she what?
suction the oropharynx
a 50 year old man with a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the face is apnic. he has multiple fractures to his mandible, massive soft tissue damage, and severe oral pharyngeal bleeding. which of the following methods of airway control be most effective in the station?
surgical cricothyrotomy
before carbon dioxide can be eliminated from the body and detected with capnography the body must be able to metabolize oxygen in order to produce carbon dioxide aerobic metabolism. patients in cardiac arrest especially prolong cardiac arrest or severely acidotic the cells are metabolizing carbon dioxide and producing lactic acid and a rabbit metabolism. as a result minimal or no carbon dioxide is being produced and returned to the lungs. this would result in a persistently low 45, he or she has excess carbon dioxide that needs to be eliminated there for you should increase the rate of ventilation
yeah
crackles formerly called rails, with your fine moist than sounds that are difficult to auscultate represent fluid in the mall lower airways and are indicative of early pulmonary edema example congestive heart failure. rhonchi or loud rattling sounds that are often heard without a stethoscope and are indicative of fluid in the larger airways severe pulmonary edema. bronchospasm typically presents with wheezing not crackles urraca.
yeah
during phase 1 a b, Dead space is passing by the CO2 sensor, since Dead space gas does not contain CO2 to the waveform is flat. during phase 2 BC that space gas rapidly mixes with alveolar gases, which is very rich in CO2, this results in acute vertical increase in the baseline called the expiratory upstroke. phase 3 CD is called the alveolar plateau, during this phase alveolar gas is continuing to move past the CO2 sensor. The end of phase 3 point d is called entitled CO2 etco2. face forward de is when the patient inhales because inhalation rapid displays to CO2 the waveform abruptly returns to baseline resulting in inspiratory downstroke
yeah
etomidate amidate is a non barbiturate, sedative hypnotic drug that is used to induce station to administering a neuromuscular blocking agent paralytic. other common sedatives include my dad's Alam versed and ketamine ketalar. sedatives and paralytics are used in conjunction to facilitate orotracheal intubation than patients who require advanced airway management, but would otherwise not tolerate Lorenzo. e. succinylcholine chloride anectine, vecuronium bromide North Korean, and recurring bromide the ramen are neuromuscular blocking agents that induce chemical paralysis, they function at the neuromuscular junction and relaxed skeletal striated muscle by impending the action of acetylcholine. it is important to note that paralytics do not sedate a patient
yeah
physiologic Dead space is any portion of the lower respiratory tract in which gas exchange does not occur because of abnormal processes such as alveolar collapse at type of paces, alveolar damage, or fluid in the alveoli. because COPD causes destruction in the inner lining of the alveoli, physiologic Dead space increases in patients with the disease. approximately 30% of a person's tidal volume remains in the anatomic Dead space, the trachea and the lunch bronchi, and never makes it to the lungs to participate in pulmonary respiration. unlike physiologic Dead space, which increases in size in patients with respiratory diseases, the size of anatomic Dead space remains relatively consistent.
yeah
the normal inspiratory expiratory i e ratio is 1 to 2, which means that normal exhalation takes twice as long as inhalation. as air becomes trapped in the lungs, such as what is seen as broncos spazmatic presents asthma or COPD, the expiratory phase becomes prolonged and the patient attempts to empty as much air from the lungs is possible. this would increase i e ratio, in some cases by as much as four or five times. none of the other conditions listed would cause a prolong exhalation time.
yeah
the paramedic should suspect that the patient has an underlying medical metabolic acidosis secondary to ketoacidosis. patient breathing pattern is consistent with kussmaul respirations, which is the respiratory system's attempt to create a compensatory respiratory alkalosis. hyperventilation drives the bodies carbon dioxide level down this would cause a low less than 35 entitled CO2 value and small capnography waveforms. high above 45 in title CO2 and large capnography waveforms are consistent with CO2 retention such as what you would expect when a patient is hypoventilating opioid overdose or respiratory failure or rost
yeah
