AJ CHAPTER 4

Political Era

Patronage system Form of corruption in the political power hires/promotes police officers receiving job related favors in return. (Buy jobs/rankings)

Two types of training

Academy / field training

African Americans police then

1968 only represented 5% of all sworn in offeicers Fewer women

Private security

2 million provide it nationwide Privatizing law enforcement -Ideally security officers will only observe and report criminal activity -Function of private security is to deter crime rather than stop it Continued heath of industry -public increased fear of crime -problem of crime in work place -increased demand due to budget cuts and reductions in number of public police -Awareness of private security products and services as cost effective protective measures

State police and highway patrols

Assist local police agencies Investigate criminal activity that cross jurisdictions Provide law enforcement in rural and other areas that do not have local or county police agencies 23 state police agencies in US 26 highway patrol agencies in US

Steps to become officer

Basic application Written exam Physical agility test Oral interview Background investigation Psychological exam Lie detector test Physical exam Police academy/probationary period

Intelligence led policing

Behavior is not as random as we think Rely on data concerning past crime patterns to predict future crime patterns Benefits:allows police departments to be more effective in responding as deterring crime while using fewer resources

Tokenism

Belief that they were hired/promoted to fulfill diversity requirements Creates pressure to prove the sterotypes wrong Most negative attitudes towards female officers is based on prejudice Very little difference between the performance of men and women in uniform

Who formed first organized police department

Boston in 1838

Early American police departments

Crime control was not the focus. More about controlling certain groups of people

Federal law enforcement agencies Department of home land security

Employees in federal agencies do not make up a large part of US law enforcement Enforce federal laws Department of homeland security -CBP unregulated border entry -ICE -US secret service -additional agencies --US coast guard --TSA --FEMA

Responsiblites for police

Enforcing laws Providing services Preventing crime Preservine the peace

Who bought over night system

English conflicts. All physically fit males were required to offer their services to protect the community

Department of justice

FBI investigates violations of over 290 federal laws Combats worldwide criminal activity like terrorism and drug trafficking Provides support for local/state law enforcement agencies DEA ATF us marshals service

Benefits of diverse police force

Integrated police force could develop a better relationship w racially diverse citizenry Better community police relations and a better ability to solve and prevent crimes

Policing today

Intelligence, terrorism, technology People believe that the 9-11 attacks ended community Era of policing Emphasis has shifted to counterroism and survelliance through technology Collecting, analyzing, and mapping crime data has become a hallmark of law enforcement in 21st century.

County coroner is another elected official at county level

Medical examiner Determines cause of death in sudden or suspicious deaths

By civil war many cities had police departments modeled on

Metropolitan police of london

Double marginality

Minority officers are viewed w suspicion by both sides White police officers believe that minority officers will give members of their own race preferential treatment Minority officers face hospitality from members of their own community

Municipal law enforcement agencies

Most officers with arrest arrest powers work in a small and medium sized police department Municipal departments have the broadest authority to apprehend suspects, maintain order and provide services to the community

Added scrutiny

Must "prove themselves" Male officers feel that female officers are mentally soft, physically weak and not suited for police work

Challenges of counterterrorism

Need to focus scarce resources to prevent and fight crimes that are relatively uncommon. Dealing w scrutiny that comes w crimes that often have international implications Difficult task of gathering info ab crimes before they happen

Probationary period

Once get through application get on probationary period 6 to 18 months Can be told let go without a reason

Law enforcement 2.0

Online investigations/intelligence Technology on the beat

Law enforcement agencies (public and private)

Over 18,000 law enforcement agencies in US. Employing more than 1.1 million people Around 880,000 sworn law enforcement officers Operate on 3 different levels Local State Federal

Providing services

Overshadowed by crime-fighting role, but police spend most of their time servicing the community

Who became first city to hire both day and night watchman

Philadelphia in 1833

Preventing crime

Police prevent crime, in part by preserving the peace

What created a need to establish formal police forces

Population growth

Reform Era

Professional model of policing was promoted Police chiefs took control of their deperarments Salaries/ working conditions improved Women/minority memebers hired No focus on public relations (Professionals)

Field trainig

Recruit is paired w a senior police officer and has opportunity to apply what was learned in the academy "to the streets"

Academy training

Recruits learn the essentials of police work in a controlled, militarized environment Taught laws of search, seizure, arrest, interrogation, weapons, securing a crime scene, first aid, self defense etc

Community Era

Reform Era had drawn backs Compounded by civil unrest Police departments developed units devoted to community relations

Preserving the peace

Related to preventing Often involved "handling the situation"

Department of treasury

Responsible for all financial matters of federal government IRS largest bureau in this department and is concerned w violations of tax laws and regulations Criminal investigation division of IRS investigates cases of tax evasion and tax fraud

Sheriffs and county law enforcement

Sheriffs are primary law enforcement officer in a county usually elected by a popular vote Size / responsibility of sheriffs department : Investigate crimes Maintain county jail Carry out civil and criminal processes Keep order in courthouse Collect taxes Enforce orders of court

Basic requirements to be an officer

US citizen No felonys Driver license 21 Weight/eyesight requirements Other conditions Background checks/tests Educational requirements

Enforcing laws

Viewed as Primary role, but police spend little time with this