AJ CHAPTER 4
Political Era
Patronage system Form of corruption in the political power hires/promotes police officers receiving job related favors in return. (Buy jobs/rankings)
Two types of training
Academy / field training
African Americans police then
1968 only represented 5% of all sworn in offeicers Fewer women
Private security
2 million provide it nationwide Privatizing law enforcement -Ideally security officers will only observe and report criminal activity -Function of private security is to deter crime rather than stop it Continued heath of industry -public increased fear of crime -problem of crime in work place -increased demand due to budget cuts and reductions in number of public police -Awareness of private security products and services as cost effective protective measures
State police and highway patrols
Assist local police agencies Investigate criminal activity that cross jurisdictions Provide law enforcement in rural and other areas that do not have local or county police agencies 23 state police agencies in US 26 highway patrol agencies in US
Steps to become officer
Basic application Written exam Physical agility test Oral interview Background investigation Psychological exam Lie detector test Physical exam Police academy/probationary period
Intelligence led policing
Behavior is not as random as we think Rely on data concerning past crime patterns to predict future crime patterns Benefits:allows police departments to be more effective in responding as deterring crime while using fewer resources
Tokenism
Belief that they were hired/promoted to fulfill diversity requirements Creates pressure to prove the sterotypes wrong Most negative attitudes towards female officers is based on prejudice Very little difference between the performance of men and women in uniform
Who formed first organized police department
Boston in 1838
Early American police departments
Crime control was not the focus. More about controlling certain groups of people
Federal law enforcement agencies Department of home land security
Employees in federal agencies do not make up a large part of US law enforcement Enforce federal laws Department of homeland security -CBP unregulated border entry -ICE -US secret service -additional agencies --US coast guard --TSA --FEMA
Responsiblites for police
Enforcing laws Providing services Preventing crime Preservine the peace
Who bought over night system
English conflicts. All physically fit males were required to offer their services to protect the community
Department of justice
FBI investigates violations of over 290 federal laws Combats worldwide criminal activity like terrorism and drug trafficking Provides support for local/state law enforcement agencies DEA ATF us marshals service
Benefits of diverse police force
Integrated police force could develop a better relationship w racially diverse citizenry Better community police relations and a better ability to solve and prevent crimes
Policing today
Intelligence, terrorism, technology People believe that the 9-11 attacks ended community Era of policing Emphasis has shifted to counterroism and survelliance through technology Collecting, analyzing, and mapping crime data has become a hallmark of law enforcement in 21st century.
County coroner is another elected official at county level
Medical examiner Determines cause of death in sudden or suspicious deaths
By civil war many cities had police departments modeled on
Metropolitan police of london
Double marginality
Minority officers are viewed w suspicion by both sides White police officers believe that minority officers will give members of their own race preferential treatment Minority officers face hospitality from members of their own community
Municipal law enforcement agencies
Most officers with arrest arrest powers work in a small and medium sized police department Municipal departments have the broadest authority to apprehend suspects, maintain order and provide services to the community
Added scrutiny
Must "prove themselves" Male officers feel that female officers are mentally soft, physically weak and not suited for police work
Challenges of counterterrorism
Need to focus scarce resources to prevent and fight crimes that are relatively uncommon. Dealing w scrutiny that comes w crimes that often have international implications Difficult task of gathering info ab crimes before they happen
Probationary period
Once get through application get on probationary period 6 to 18 months Can be told let go without a reason
Law enforcement 2.0
Online investigations/intelligence Technology on the beat
Law enforcement agencies (public and private)
Over 18,000 law enforcement agencies in US. Employing more than 1.1 million people Around 880,000 sworn law enforcement officers Operate on 3 different levels Local State Federal
Providing services
Overshadowed by crime-fighting role, but police spend most of their time servicing the community
Who became first city to hire both day and night watchman
Philadelphia in 1833
Preventing crime
Police prevent crime, in part by preserving the peace
What created a need to establish formal police forces
Population growth
Reform Era
Professional model of policing was promoted Police chiefs took control of their deperarments Salaries/ working conditions improved Women/minority memebers hired No focus on public relations (Professionals)
Field trainig
Recruit is paired w a senior police officer and has opportunity to apply what was learned in the academy "to the streets"
Academy training
Recruits learn the essentials of police work in a controlled, militarized environment Taught laws of search, seizure, arrest, interrogation, weapons, securing a crime scene, first aid, self defense etc
Community Era
Reform Era had drawn backs Compounded by civil unrest Police departments developed units devoted to community relations
Preserving the peace
Related to preventing Often involved "handling the situation"
Department of treasury
Responsible for all financial matters of federal government IRS largest bureau in this department and is concerned w violations of tax laws and regulations Criminal investigation division of IRS investigates cases of tax evasion and tax fraud
Sheriffs and county law enforcement
Sheriffs are primary law enforcement officer in a county usually elected by a popular vote Size / responsibility of sheriffs department : Investigate crimes Maintain county jail Carry out civil and criminal processes Keep order in courthouse Collect taxes Enforce orders of court
Basic requirements to be an officer
US citizen No felonys Driver license 21 Weight/eyesight requirements Other conditions Background checks/tests Educational requirements
Enforcing laws
Viewed as Primary role, but police spend little time with this