ALL Quizes DevPsych

As a young adult, Cara begins a career, learns new skills in the workplace and forms a healthy relationship. She is showing signs of:

Maturation

In human female reproduction, at what stage of meiosis is the egg released during ovulation?

Metaphase II

____ refers to traits that are biological or inherited.

Nature

Which theorist proposed that a person might feel badly about themselves if they were not married by a certain age?

Neugarten

An allele is _____.

One version of genetic variation at a particular locus.

Self-efficacy is a term that refers to which of the following?

People's expectations that they are capable of performing a behavior that will produce desired outcomes in any particular situation.

According to Vaillant, which of the following is NOT a stage of adult development?

Settling down.

How is sex-linked inheritance defined?

Sex-linked inheritance is when a gene that controls a trait is found on one of the sex chromosomes.

Why are X-linked traits expressed more often in males than females?

Since males only have one X chromosome, they only need to receive one allele for an X-linked trait to be expressed.

Which of the following is NOT a strategy older adults can use to delay a slowdown in their cognitive development?

Sleeping more

How are social development and emotional development different?

Social development is about learning to interact with others, while emotional development is about understanding emotions.

Which of the following forces is LEAST likely to cause a new species to arise in a population?

Stabilizing selection

Mark is taking a high-stakes university exam and is sitting next to the smartest student in the class. Mark can clearly see his classmate's responses but refrains from copying the answers. Which of the following is affecting Mark's behavior?

Superego

All of the following statements reflect the beliefs of the psychoanalytic theory EXCEPT:

The conscious mind guides our psychosexual development

Freud maintained that the psychosexual development of a person's personality occurs during which of the following key stages:

The oral, anal, and phallic stages of development

How are the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem similar?

They all have indirect impacts on a person's development.

Alex and Betty are the exact same age, but Alex has a learning disability. Should we expect their respective levels of cognitive development to be the same or different? Why?

They may be different, because Alex has a disability.

Which of the following is NOT a type of human development?

Traditional

When an organism is diploid, that means it has _____.

Two versions of each chromosome.

All of the following statements are true about single gene-pair inheritance, EXCEPT:

When a trait is inherited though a single gene-pair, there are five possible allele combinations.

When does the germinal period end?

When the blastocyst is fully implanted into uterine tissue.

Bill received a new toy ball. It was not round like all of his other toy balls, but oval. He had to _____ this new information in order to understand how to play with it.

accommodate

The process of incorporating new information into existing knowledge is known as _____, whereas the process of adjusting our schemas to fit new information and events is known as _____.

assimilation; accommodation

The attachment theory is based on _____.

psychoanalytic, evolutionary and ethological theories

Erikson characterizes development as a series of _____.

psychosocial stages

Adolescents gain _____ skills as the prefrontal cortex of their brain develops.

reasoning and problem-solving

According to Piaget, _____ is a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

schema

Bandura's reciprocal causation model focuses on continuous interaction between the following three factors:

behavior, environment, person

Bandura's study involving young children and a Bobo doll revealed that:

children exposed to a model treating a doll aggressively learned aggressive behavior through imitation.

Knowing that someone grew up before TVs existed is an example of understanding someone based on their _____.

chronosystem

In human female reproduction, when the egg leaves the ovary, what guides it to the opening of the uterine tube?

cilia on the fimbraie

Learning how to do multiplication is an example of _____.

cognitive development

Researchers plan a study to find the proportion of identical twins that both suffer from depression. This is an example of the researchers determining the _____.

concordance rate

A statistic for measuring how much a trait in one twin compares or contrasts with the same trait in the other twin is the _____.

correlation coefficient

According to Freud, people who get into fights tend to be motivated by _____.

death instincts

Traditional theories of plasticity state that it _____ as people get older. However, current research contends that plasticity _____ as people age.

declines; stays the same

The study of how people's thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and relationships change as they grow is referred to as _____.

developmental psychology

Molly overheard her dad telling her mom he got 'creamed' by his friend in a tennis match. This confused Molly, causing her to experience a conflict or _____, because she couldn't imagine her father turning into a creamy liquid.

disequilibrium

An infant's crying, cooing, and smiling behaviors are intended to _____.

ensure their caregiver or parent will love them, stay close, and meet their safety needs

Self-constructed beliefs regarding specific traits and behaviors of males and females are referred to as _____.

gender schemas

The process by which genes are passed down from parents to their offspring is called _____.

genetic inheritance

Development is the process of _____ and _____ that humans go through over their lifetime.

growth; change

The Minnesota Twin Study found that _____.

identical twins raised apart are about as similar as those raised together

The study of how people grow and change during all phases of their lives is called _____.

life span development

The level that includes the interactions between the different microsystems in a person's life is the _____.

mesosystem

Polygenic traits are controlled by _____.

more than one gene

The concept that development occurs biologically, intellectually, and emotionally is called _____.

multi-dimensionality

The concept that different elements of a person grow and shrink at different points in life is called _____.

multi-directionality

Hormones that impact a child's behavior are considered _____ factors, while influences such as peers and parents are considered _____ factors.

nature; nurture

While working with patients with snake phobias, Bandura found that _____ were more effective in treating phobias than persuasion.

observations

If one parent has a gene-pair of 'AA' and the other parent has a gene-pair of 'aa', what will the gene-pairs of their children look like?

100% of the children will have 'Aa' for their gene-pairs.

According to emotional development theories, _____

11-year-olds are better at understanding other people's emotions than 3-year-olds.

In human female reproduction, if fertilization occurs it's usually _____.

24 hours after ovulation

In human female reproduction, how long does it usually take for the zygote to reach the uterus?

5-6 days

What is the most notable event during the fetal period?

A dramatic change in the size of the fetus.

Which of the following statements would Uri Bronfenbrenner agree with?

A person's development is affected by everything in the surrounding environment.

A cornerstone of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is that society and culture play a key role in promoting development. What type of perspective is this considered to be?

A sociocultural perspective

The locus is _____.

A specific location on a chromosome.

You have the gene-pair Aa. This gene controls your eye color. You have brown eyes because brown is the dominant trait. Which of the following is true?

Any of your children who receive the dominant trait for brown eyes will have brown eyes.

According to Vygotsky, which of the following is true about the acquisition of meaning and understanding?

As adults interact with children, they show the meanings they attach to objects, events and experiences.

According to Vygotsky, a child's use of the word 'da' for daddy is indicative of which stage of speech development?

Autonomous speech

What psychosocial crisis results in either a feeling of confidence or inadequacy?

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

A situation in which two alleles of a gene are maintained in a population because heterozygotes are more fit than their homozygous counterparts is called:

Balanced polymorphism

Why is the embryonic period the most crucial part of prenatal development?

Because during this period the cells begin to differentiate and prepare the foundation for the baby.

Why is the successful completion of the trust versus mistrust stage important?

Because if this stage is not successfully completed, the individual will become anxious and insecure.

Why is the microsystem the most influential environmental level in a person's life?

Because it is the system where a person has the most direct contact with factors influencing development.

Why are Levinson and Vaillant's theories less applicable today?

Because much about society has changed since they conducted their research.

Why is plasticity important for development?

Because without plasticity, change would be impossible.

Why are Y-linked traits only inherited by males?

Because women do not have Y chromosomes.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a phenotype?

DNA sequence of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene

The process of change that all humans experience is called:

Development

A scientist has observed animals in a particular habitat for some time. She notices that the slowest gazelles tend to fall victim to predators more frequently than faster ones. Over time, she notes that the gazelle herd on average runs faster. She is observing:

Directional selection

A scientist has observed animals in a particular habitat for some time. She notices that in a population of birds those with either short or long beaks can find more food than those with average sized beaks. Over time, she notices a higher proportion of birds in the population have either short or long beaks. She is observing:

Disruptive selection

Which of the following is the correct order of the germ layers from the outside to the inside?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

How can educators implement Piaget's principles?

Educators should include objects in the classroom so that the child can act on them. Different actions by the child should produce different effects.

Which of the following classroom activities promotes gender equity?

Engaging in class discussion about stereotypes found in books and instructional material

According to Levinson, at which stage does a person begin to solidify career and lifestyle decisions?

Entering the adult world.

An implanted embryo which has all three germ layers and some, but not all, of the internal organs formed, is in which period of development?

In the middle of the embryonic period.

During which of Erikson's stages do children begin to identify their strengths and take pleasure in their accomplishments?

Industry vs. inferiority

At age 26, Sergio has had several romantic relationships that failed due to his jealousy and overdependence. Which of the following is a possible explanation for Sergio's behavior?

Insecurely-attached infants who receive little attention or are abused will develop internal working models that suggest people can't be trusted and that they are difficult to love. These types of working models can cause problems in later relationships, such as jealousy, overdependence, or shying away from relationships altogether. This may explain Sergio's behavior.

According to Vygotsky, what is the process of constructing an internal representation of external physical objects or actions?

Internalization

All of the following statements are true about the ego EXCEPT:

It accounts for our aggressive tendencies

Which of the following is true of a recessive trait?

It is only expressed if a person has the trait in both alleles of their gene-pair.

What do Levinson and Vaillant believe about the mid-life stage?

It is when crisis and conflict occur.

According to attachment theory, the parent-child relationship is important because:

It lays the groundwork for all other relationships

Why is physical development important for babies and toddlers?

It leads to improved motor skills, which allows them to explore the environment

Which of the following is true of a dominant trait?

It will always be expressed in a person who has the trait.

In human female reproduction, what happens to the egg if it is not fertilized?

It will die.

All of the following are examples of environmental influences on gender differences, EXCEPT:

Hormones

Which of the following statements is true? I. The one thousandth base pair on chromosome one of an organism is an example of a locus. II. Changing the DNA in a gene by one base pair could create a new allele. III. Cells in a diploid organism possess two copies of each homolog (except gametes).

I, II and III

Mary is beginning to see herself primarily as a musician, and is focusing less on activities that don't relate to music. Mary is in which of Erikson's stages?

Identity vs. role confusion

Which of the following statement about growth is FALSE?

Growth impacts the mind

What is a distinguishing characteristic between growth and maturation?

Growth is limited, maturation is limitless

Sam's younger brother stops crying when he hears a specific nursery rhyme. As a child, Sam plays the song often for his little brother. As an adult, Sam tries to play the same song for his young daughter when she is crying. Sam's behavior is an example of learning because:

He adapted his behavior based on environmental learning

Some studies have shown that a single copy of the cystic fibrosis disease allele can confer resistance to tuberculosis to a person. This is an example of:

Heterozygote advantage

Many children in kindergarten enjoy playing 'house.' How does the value of play benefit young children, according to Vygotsky?

Play should be encouraged because it promotes new cognitive skills.

How have twin studies proven to be beneficial?

Researchers can determine the difference between environmental and genetic factors.

The attachment theory asserts that human behavior is influenced by _____.

unconscious urges and instinctual biological drives.

Jose is in a casino. He sees his friends Amy and Sandra win money at a nearby slot machine. Amy and Sandra cheer and clap. Jose wants to feel the same excitement, so he sits down at a slot machine and begins to gamble. This is an example of _____.

vicarious reinforcement