Allied Health- Test 1
18th Century
- Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury thermometer - Joseph Priestley discovered the element oxygen - John Hunter an english surgeon established scientific surgical procedures, introduced tube feeding - Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals for glasses - Dr. Jesse Bennet performed the first successful Cesarean section operation to deliver an infant - James Lind prescribed lime juice containing vitamin C to prevent scurvy - Edward Jenner developed a vaccination for smallpox - average life span was 40 to 50 years
19th Century
- Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope- father of pulmonary disease - American Medical Association was performed in Philadelphia - Dorothea Dix appointed superintendent of female nurses of the army - Louis Pasteur contributed many discoveries to the practice of medicine including proving that microorganisms cause disease, pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria, creating a vaccine for rabies in 1885 - Dimitri Ivanovski discovered viruses - Bayer introduced aspirin in powdered form - average life span was 40 to 60 years
21st Century
- adult stem cells were used in the treatment of disease early in the 2000s - the human genome project to identify all of the approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes in human DNA was completed in 2003
1200 BC- 220 BC Ancient Greeks
- began modern medical science by observing the human body and effects of disease - Hippocrates called the father of medicine - Hippocrates developed an organized method to observe the human body, recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases, created a high standard of ethics, the oath of hippocrates used by physicians today - biochemist Alcmaeon in the 6th century identified the brain as the physiological site of the senses - Aristotle dissected animals and is called the founder of comparative anatomy - believed illness is a result of natural causes - used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment - stressed diet and cleanliness as ways to prevent disease - average life span was 25 to 35 years
16th and 17th centuries
- causes of disease were still not known and many people died from infectious and puerperal fever (child birth) - Ambroise Pare was known as the father of modern surgery -established use of ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding, eliminated use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds, improved treatment of fractures and promoted use of artificial limbs - Gabriel Fallopius identified the fallopian tubes in the female, described the tympanic membrane in the ear - William Harvey described the circulation of blood to and from the heart in 1628 - Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in 1666 - first successful blood transfusion on animals performed in england - Bartolomeo Eustachio identified the eustachian tube leading from the ear to the throat - Apothecaries made, prescribed and sold medications average life span was 35 to 45 years
3000 BC- 300 BC Ancient Egyptians
- earliest people known to maintain accurate health records - called upon the gods to heal them when disease occurred - physicians were priests who studied medicine and surgery in temple medical schools - believed the body was a system of channels for air, tears, blood, urine, sperm and feces - if channels become clogged bloodletting or leeches were used to open them - used magic and medicinal plants to treat disease - average life span was 20 to 30 years
400-800 AD Dark Ages
- emphasis was placed on saving the soul and the study of medicine prohibited - prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease - monks and priests custodial care for sick people - medicines and priests provided custodial care for sick people - medications were mainly herbal mixtures - average life span was 20 to 30 years
753 BC- 410 AD Ancient Romans
- first to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers - early hospital developed when physicians cared for ill people in rooms in their homes - later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions housed in monasteries and convents - began public health and sanitation systems - created aqueducts to carry clean water to the cities - built sewers to carry waste materials away from the cities - used filtering systems in public baths to prevent disease - drained marshes to reduce the incidence of malaria - Claudius Galen established many medical beliefs - body regulated by four fluids or humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile - an imbalance in the humors resulted in illness - described symptoms of inflammation and studied infectious diseases - described symptoms of inflammation and studied infectious diseases - dissected animals and determined function of muscles, kidney and bladder - 1st hospitals were for soldiers - diet, exercise, and medications were used to treat disease - average life span was 25 to 35 years
potential for the 21st century
- genetic manipulation to prevent inherited diseases is a common practice - nerves in the brain and spinal cord are regenerate to eliminate paralysis - transplants of every organ in the body, including the brain are possible - average life span is increased to 90 to 100 years and beyond
4000 BC-3000 BC Primitive times
- illness and disease were caused by supernatural spirits and demons - treated illness with ceremonies to drive out evil spirits - herbs and plants used as medicine - trepanation was used to treat insanity and epilepsy -average life span was 20 years
800- 1400 AD Middle Ages
- physicians began to obtain medical knowledge at medical universities in the 9th century - a pandemic of the bubonic plague killed three quarters of the population in Europe and Asia - major diseases were smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague and malaria - arab physicians used their knowledge of chemistry to advance pharmacology - Rhazes became known as Arab Hippocrates - based diagnosis on observations of the signs and symptoms of disease - developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles - suggested blood was the cause of many infectious diseases - began the use of animal gut for suture material - Arabs began requiring that physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses - Avenzoar described the parasite causing scabies in the 12th century - average life span was 20 to 35 years
1350-1650 AD Renaissance
- rebirth of science of medicine - dissection of the body began to allow a better understanding of anatomy and physiology - Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci used dissection to draw the human body more realistically - first chairs of medicine created at Oxford and Cambridge in England in 1440 - development of the printing press allowed knowledge to be spread to others - first anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius - first book on dietetics written by Isaac Judaeus - Michael Servetus described the circulatory system in the lungs and explained how digestion is a source of heat for the body - Roger Bacon promoted chemical remedies to treat disease and researched optics and refraction - average life span was 30 to 40 years
1700 BC- 220 AD Ancient Chinese
- religious prohibitions against dissection resulted in inadequate knowledge of body structure - carefully monitored the pulse to determine the condition of the body - believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body - recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs - used acupuncture to relieve pain and congestion - used moxibustion (a powdered substance was placed on the skin and then burned to cause a blister) to treat disease - began the search for medicals reasons for illness - average life span was 20 to 30 years
5 different pathways
- therapeutic services - diagnostic services - health informatics - support services - biotechnology research and development
health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPPA)
-Confidentiality- have to make sure that anything is done to a patient is between the patient and the hospital staff
20th Century
-Marie Curie isolated radium - Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin - Francis Crick and James Watson described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information - average life span was 60 to 80 years
effective communication
Send a clear message Standard english Avoid medical jargon with patients Talk to patient Be a good listener (patients as well)
clear communication
The content must be clear as possible The speaker must first have a clear understanding of what they mean to say The speaker must use words that accurately reflect their intended message. The speaker should avoid unclear, ambiguous or necessarily technical language Grammar and punctuation has to be concise Expressive tone is spontaneous, emotional and uninhibited (socializing) Inappropriate in healthcare- takes focus away from patient Research shows patients do not appreciate emotion/joking tone Directive tone is authoritative and judgmental Problem solving tone is rational, objective, unbiased Emphasis- on certain words in a sentence can lead to different interpretations, how the speaker says what they want to say is as important as what they want to say Small talk is what we say before we begin to discuss the business at hand Commentary during "downtime" to avoid awkwardness Both strategies are best used to strengthen rapport with patients but not too frequently
do's and don't of verbal communication
Use patients name Do not interrupt the patient Do not give the patient unsought or unrelated advice Do not talk about yourself instead of patient Do not tell patient you know how they feel Do not add diagnosis/symptoms
national institute of health
a division of the USDHHS involved in research on disease
agency for health care policy and research
a federal agency established in 1990 to research the quality of health care delivery and identify the standards of treatment that should be provided by health care facilities
food and drug administration
a federal agency responsible for regulating food and drug products sold to the public
medicare
a federal government program that provides health care for almost all individuals over the age of 65 for any person with a disability who has received SS benefits for at least 2 years and for any person with end stage renal disease
medicaid
a medical assistance program that is jointly funded by the federal government and state governments but operated by individual states, benefits and individuals covered under this program vary slightly from state to state because each state has the right to establish its own eligibility standards, determine the type and scope of services, set the rate of payment for services and administer its own program
US department of health and human services
a national agency that deals with the health problems in the US
copayment
a specific amount of money a patient pays for a particular service for example $10 for each physician visit regardless of the total cost of the visit
deductibles
amounts that must be paid by the patient for medical services before the policy begins to pay
managed care
an approach that has developed in response to rising health care costs, all health care provided to a patient must have a purpose
centers for disease control and prevention
another division of the USDHHS concerned with causes, spreak, and control of diseases in populations
home health care
another form of cost containment because it is usually less expensive
directive tone
authoritative and judgmental, the tone one uses to give orders, exert leadership, or pass judgment (not generally an appropriate tone for the HCP to use when speaking to patients)
health maintenance organization
both health care delivery systems and types of health insurance, provide total health care directed toward preventive health care for a fee that is usually fixed and prepaid, only use HMO affiliated organizations
mass or bulk purchasing
buying equipment and supplies in larger quantities at reduced prices
holistic healthcare
care that promotes physical, emotional, social, intellectual and spiritual wellbeing by treating the whole body, mind and spirit
surgical technologists
complete a 9 months to 2 year training program leading to a certificate, diploma or associates degree
certification
demonstrates that a health care worker meets the requirements set by the certifying organization to demonstrate mastery of the job
combination of services
done to eliminate duplication of services
occupational safety and health administration
establishes and enforces standards that protect workers from job related injuries and illnesses
preventing health care fraud and abuse; administrative simplification and medical liability reform
establishes methods for preventing fraud and abuse and imposes sanctions or penalties if fraud or abuse does occurs, reduces the costs and administration of health care by adopting a single set of electronic standards to replace the wide variety of formats used in health care
application and enforcement of group health plan requirements
establishes standards that require group health care plans to offer portability, access and renewability to all members of the group
physician assistant
every state and the District of Columbia requires a license
physicians
every state and the District of Columbia requires a license
pandemic
exists when the outbreak of a disease occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a high proportion of the population
tricare
formerly called CHAMPUS is a US government health insurance plan for all military personnel, provides care for all active duty members and their families, survivors of military personnels and retired members of the armed forces
workers compensation
health insurance plan providing treatment for workers injured on the job, administered by the state and payments are made by employers and the state
medigap
health insurance plans that help pay expenses not covered by medicare these policies are offered by private insurance companies and require the payment of a premium by the enrollee, they must meet specific federal guidelines, they provide options that allow enrollees to choose how much coverage they want to purchase
World Health Organization
international agency sponsored y the United Nations, compiles statistics and information of disease, publishes health information and investigates and addresses serious health problems throughout the world
telemedicine
involves the use of video, audio, and computer systems to provide medical and/health care services
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)
led to the development of many regulations regarding long term care and home health care, requires states to establish training and competency evaluation programs for nursing and geriatric assistants
occupational therapists
licensed, must graduate from an accredited programs and pass a national certification exam
health care access, portability and renewability
limits exclusions on preexisting conditions to allow for the continuance of insurance even with job changes, prohibits discrimination against an enrollee or beneficiary based on health status, guarantees renewability in multiemployer plans and provides special enrollment rights for individuals who lose insurance coverage in certain situations such as divorce or termination of employment
physical therapists
masters degree from an accredited physical therapy program, licensing
medical assistant
may be trained on the job but many complete a one to two year medical assisting program, not licensed, certification is not required but 90% become certified
complementary therapies
methods of treatment that are used in conjunction with conventional medical therapies
alternative therapies
methods of treatment that are used in place of biomedical therapies
energy conservation
monitoring the use of energy to control costs and conserve resources
outpatient services
patients receive care without being admitted to hospitals or other care facilities
diagnostic related groups
patients with certain diagnoses who are admitted to hospitals are classified in one payment group, a limit is placed on the cost of care and the agency providing care receives this set amount
physical wellness
promoted by a well balanced diet, regular exercise, routine physical examinations and immunizations, regular dental and vision examinations, avoidance of alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, drugs, environmental contaminants, and risky sexual behavior
mental and intellectual wellness
promoted by being creative, logical, curious, and open minded, using common sense, obtaining continual learning, questioning and evaluating information and situations, learning from life experiences and using flexibility and creativity to solve problems
social wellness
promoted by showing concern, fairness, affection, tolerance, and respect for others, communicating and interacting well with others, sharing ideas and thoughts, and practicing honesty and loyalty
emotional wellness
promoted by understanding personal feelings and expressing them appropriately, accepting one's limitations, adjusting to change, coping with stress, enjoying life and maintaining an optimistic outlook
spiritual wellness
promoted by using values, ethics and morals to find meaning, direction and purpose to life, often includes believing in a higher authority and observing religious practices
tax related health provisions
promotes the use of medical savings accounts by allowing tax deductions for monies placed in the accounts, established standard for long term insurance, allows for the creation of state insurance pools and provides tax benefits for some health care expenses
revenue offsets
provides changes to the internal revenue code for HIPAA expenses
early intervention and preventative services
providing care before acute or chronic disease occurs
problem solving tone
rational, objective and unbiased, the tone we use to indicate to the listener that we are using the analytical portion of our brains to come to the correct answer about a certain set of circumstances (what the patient rightfully expects from the HCP)
biofeedback
relaxation therapy that uses monitoring devices to provide a patient with information about his/her reaction to stress by showing the effect of stress on heart rate, respirations, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temp
coinsurance
requires that specific percentages of expenses are shared by the patient and insurance company for examples in an 80-20 percent co insurance the company pays 80 percent of covered expenses and the patient pays the remaining 20 percent
expressive tone
spontaneous, emotional and uninhibited- use it when we express our feelings, tell jokes or complain when we socialize (this is generally not a tone of voice the HCP should use when speaking to patients
licensure
the act of granting authority by the state
empathy
to feel what another person is feeling (to be able to put yourself in anothers shoes)
sympathy
to have awareness of what another person is feeling, and to feel sadness or pity at that other persons suffering, that is, to feel sorry for that other person
cost containment
trying to control the rising cost of health care and achieving the maximum benefit for every dollar spent
paraphrasing
use your own words to repeat what someone else has said- this is a skill that is essential to effective communication, by paraphrasing the HCP is allowing the patient to either confirm that the HCP has the correct information or point out inconsistencies or gaps in the information
integrative health care
uses both mainstream medical treatments and CAM therapies to treat a patient
registration
you have graduated from an accredited school and have passed a standardized national exam administered by a non governmental agency
