Alternative & Renewable Electric Vehicles

Charles Franklin Kettering

An American inventor and holder of over 160 patents, mainly known for his creation of the electric automobile self-starter. (1912) Also was the co-founder of DELCO electronics, the head director of research for General Motors (GM), co-founder of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and the founder of the Kettering Foundation.

Battery Development

Batteries continue to become smaller and more powerful

Robert Davidson

Built first EV in 1837

Thomas Davenport

Designed First Electric Vehicle 1834

Liquid Metal Batteries

Developed at MIT, LMBs are a type of battery which use liquid electrodes. Three liquids are poured into a container - molten magnesium, molten antimony and molten salt which acts as an electrolyte. The three liquids have different densities and so they separate out into different layers when poured into the container. The antimony sinks to the bottom, followed by the electrolyte and then magnesium. This group of chemicals can now act as a battery. The LMBs can absorb 10X more electrical current than today's best batteries.

EV compared to gas

Electricity is about 8 cents per kilowatt-hour. That means that for a full recharge (of 24 kWh), it costs $2. If the range is 70 miles the cost per mile is therefore 3 cents per mile. If gasoline costs $2 per gallon and a car gets 27 miles to the gallon, then the cost per mile is 7-1/2 cents per mile for gasoline.

small-scale EV

The motor controller is easier to construct and cheaper than the AC version. Over the last decade huge advances have been made in EV electronics, especially with controllers. It is now possible to buy off-the-shelf, all the components needed to build a high performance DC powered electric car that will keep up with almost any performance gasoline-powered sports car.

Inductive paddle

The paddle fits into a slot hidden behind the license plate of the car. The paddle acts as one half of a transformer. The other half is inside the car, positioned around the slot behind the license plate. When you insert the paddle, it forms a complete transformer with the slot, and power transfers to the car.

William Morrison

built an EV in Des Moines that could travel for 13 hours at a speed of 14 mph in 1890

Lithium Polymer

rechargeable battery is similar to the Lithium-ion but with a solid polymer as electrolyte. Some gelled conductive material is added to promote conductivity. Li-P batteries eliminate free electrolyte within the cell, which improves stability and is less vulnerable to problems caused by overcharge, damage or abuse.

Camille Jenatzy's

set the first land speed record of 66 mph in a streamlined vehicle powered by two 12 volt motors 1899

Magna-Charge System

the charging system sends electricity to the car using this inductive paddle

Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries

were the first viable technology capable of replacing VRLA. It was used in the GM Generation 2 EV1

Lithium-ion batteries

work through moving lithium ions between the anode and cathode. The anode is a lithium-containing compound of graphite. The cathode is a lithium metallic oxide capable of accepting lithium ions into its structure. modern electric car batteries.

The oil crisis

1973- caused interest in EV's again. Ford continued development of their sodium-sulfur battery. GM began work on their Electrovette and many independent EV companies began to appear such as the Sebring/Vanguardcompany that produced CitiCars.

Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research and Development Act

1976- US congress pass act despite protest

Gas prices then lowered

1977

Solar challenges

1987

US Clean Air Act Amendments

1990 passed by congress

California introduced legislation that would require 2% of the vehicles sold in that state to be 'zero-emission'

1998

Lead acid battery

A battery that runs on the oxidation of lead and the reduction of lead(IV) oxide in the presence of sulfuric acid in 1880

Tesla Model S & X

200-300-mile range (X, S) and 45-minute charge. Liquid-cooled motor with a single-speed gearbox.0-60 time of 5.6 sec (2.6 sec for premium models) and a top speed of 120 mph. 5-minute battery swap. Charges from any outlet.17-inch infotainment touchscreen

Nissan Leaf

24 kWh (86 MJ) lithium ion (LiMn2O4) battery pack rated to deliver power up to 90 kW (120hp). In July 2010 Nissan announced the battery will be guaranteed for eight years or 100,000 miles ideal 138 mile range

SmartElectric Drive

25,780$ 68 mile range

introduction of Ford's gasoline fueled, internal combustion engine driven, Model-T

1930 killed the electric car

Electrovair

1960

The Electric Auto Association

1967

Electrovair 2

(1966) was powered by silver-zinc batteries in a 532 volt array driving a 115 hp AC-Induction motor. Top speed was 80 mph (129 kph) and range was 40 to 80 miles (64-129 kilometers). The 3400 lb (1542 kg) sedan could accelerate from 0-60 mph (0-96.56 kph) in 16 seconds. Control was Solid State

Focus electric

Focus Electric uses an advanced active liquid cooling and heating system to precondition and regulate the temperature in its lithium-ion battery system.On hot days, chilled liquid absorbs heat from the batteries, dispersing it through a radiator before pumping it through the chiller again. On cold days, heated liquid warms the batteries, gradually bringing the system's temperature to a level that allows it to efficiently accept charge energy and provide enough discharge power for expected vehicle performance.

EV1

GM concept car, that stole the Greater Los Angeles auto show 1990

Valve Regulated Lead-acid Battery (VRLA)

Heavy, expensive, inefficient, modern car batteries

Avcon

It features copper-to-copper contacts instead of the inductive paddle, and has an elaborate mechanical interconnect that keeps the contacts covered until the connector is mated with the receptacle on the vehicle. Pairing this connector with GFCI protection makes it safe in any kind of weather.

Tesla Roadster

Lithium ion batteries, 3-PH, 248hp, AC

lithium-sulfur battery

More powerful than current lithium ion batteries

Gaston Plante

Rechargeable Battery 1859

White Lightning

Top speed is over 245.524 mph. The car is equipped with two 150kW AC motors.

Commercially produced EVs

Typically AC since they are more efficient, cheaper, lighter, last longer and operate at higher rpm. With the appropriate controller, they can incorporate regenerative braking.

ChademoEV

With the household charger system, an EV can be charged from either a 110VAC (8-hour charge) or 220VAC (4-hour charge) ordinary electric outlet via a charger unit inside the vehicle. With the quick-charger system, an EV can be charged in a short time (30 minutes) via a 440VAC charging station unit that must be custom installed by an electrician. Quick charging tends to reduce battery life, and should be used sparingly.

Maniac Mazda

competed against a Dodge Viper and 'blew it away', recording a best time of 11.2 seconds @ 108 mph.

Traditional EV recharging

done through the use of a standard household electric plug/socket.

KillaCycle

electric motorcycle ridden by Scott Pollacheck has recorded 9.450 seconds @150.07 mph.

Andrew Lawrence Riker

establishes the Riker Electric VehicleCompany in Elizabethport, NJ, and builds his first electric vehicle using a pair of Remington bicycles as a base. Rikerwould eventially become one of the country's largest manufacturers of electric cars. 1896

Moses farmer

first 2 seat EV 1847

BGS Company's

first distance record 180 miles 1900

Current Eliminator

has covered the quarter in 8.801 seconds, @ 147mph!

City of Santa Barbara

largest fleets of electric busses in the U.S. with 14 in service. 1998

Tesla Gigafactory 1

lithium-ion battery factory under construction, primarily for Tesla Motors, in Nevada. It will be the world's largest building by physical area. The factory started limited production in the first quarter of 2016. Tesla expects the factory will reduce the production cost for their electric vehicle battery packs by 30%

Krieger

made modern equivalent of hybrid in 1903

Joseph henry

made the first DC motor in 1830

Mitsubishi's i MiEV

motor on each front wheel 23,845$

Detroit Electric

ne of the most well-known and longest-lived electric car manufacturers in the U.S.A. It had a production peak between 1912 and 1920, due in part to gas shortages caused by World War I. Popular among women, it was primarily an urban car with limited range

The Baker Motor Vehicle Company

opened its doors in Cleveland in 1899, was the most successful of the early electric car builders. They created an electric powered racer that could go over 75 mph and was the first car to have passenger seat belts.