Alyse Physiology Exam 1 Chapter 4A

_____________ is a result of a genetic defect, abnormal NaCl and water movement occurs across wet epithelial membranes.

(CF) Cystic Fibrosis

Body Fluids

-Approximately 67% of the total weight is water within cells, in the intracellular compartment -The remaining 33% of the total body water comprises the extracellular compartment -About 20% of this extracellular fluid is contained the vessels of cardiovascular system, where it comprises the fluid portion of the blood, or blood plasma

Second Example of Primary Active Transport

-Ca is used to activate muscular microfilaments (myosin/actin) -H+/K+/ATPase: In stomach, H+ is released into lumen, antiport to get rid of it, using ATP, Omeprazole (antacid) --Over secretion of H+ intogastric lumen> irritation of mucusa >Gastritis -Blocks H+/K+ pump --Less irritation

Signs and Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis:

-It can involve lumen of small and large intestines -Severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, inflammation, dehydration -Spermatic chord-testicular artery which is branched of aorta. -Sympathetic and Parasympathetic pass through chord and ejaculation. -Formation of mucus in spermatic chord causes erectile dysfunction, infertility in male.

Opening of Na/K+ channel (first example of primary active transport):

-Opening of Na/K+ channel (first example of primary active transport): -Requires ATP -Opening of Ca channel, Ca enters postsynaptic compartment -Ca concentration not sufficient, stimulates Sr (Sarcoplasmic Reticulum) releasing more Ca into postsynaptic compartment (needs ATP)

SECOND EX of PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

-Releasing of calcium from SR -Binds to myosin and you have muscle contraction

Carrier-mediated transport

-The characteristics of carrier-mediated transport apply to facilitated diffusion and primary and secondary active transport.

Primary active transport: Omeprazole

-blocks sodium potassium pump and reduces hydrogen ion released into domain. -Less acid= less irritation

Simple Diffusion: -Lipophilic -Large proteins

-easy to pass through -impossible

Example of Facilitated Diffusion

-glucose transport in muscle and adipose cells in downhill is carrier-mediated, and is inhibited by sugars such as galactose, therefore, it is categorized as facilitated diffusion. In diabetes mellitus, glucose uptake by muscle and adipose cells is impaired because the carriers for facilitated diffusion of glucose require insulin.

Factors that increase permeability in Simple Diffusion

-high oil/water partition coefficient of the solute increases solubility in the lipid of the membrane. -decrease radius (size) of the solute increases the speed of diffusion .-decrease membrane thickness decreases the diffusion distance.

Permeability of Simple Diffusion

-is the P in the equation for diffusion.Describes the ease with which a solute diffuses through a membrane. -depends on the characteristics of the solute and the membrane.

Osmolarity

-is the concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution. -is a colligative property can be measured by freezing point depression. -can be calculated using the following equation:

Characteristics of Simple diffusion

-is the only form of transport that is not carrier-mediated .-occurs down and electrochemical gradient (downhill) -does not require metabolic energy and therefore is passive

Primary active transport characteristics:

-occurs against an electrochemical gradient (uphill). -requires direct input of metabolic energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and therefore is active .-is carrier-mediated and therefore exhibits stereospecificity, saturation, and competition.

Characteristics Facilitated diffusion

-occurs down and electrochemical gradient (downhill), similar to simple diffusion.-does not require metabolic energy and therefore is passive. -is more rapid than simple diffusion .-is carrier-mediated and therefore exhibits stereospecificity, saturation, and competition.

The protein created by CFTR is anchored to the outer membrane of cells in the __________

-sweat glands -lung -pancreas -and other affected organs

Facilitated Diffusion 5 Steps

1) Insulin binds to its receptor on cell membrane, because of this 2) leads to activation in some molecules which exists in the cytoplasm which is called GLUT 4 3) GLUT 4 then inserts into cell membrane and acts as a channel 4) then glucose is able to enter target cell 5) Insulin facilitates or accelerates the glucose entrance into target cell which is for production of ATP

Na+/k+ pump: example is neuromuscular junction PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

1) Stimulus 2) leads to opening of calcium channels 3) Calcium concentration increases in presynaptic compartment and Ach 4) Then Ach is released and leads to binding to its receptor in the postsymnaptic compartment --Sodium and potassium channels need to have ATP

Categories of transport across the plasma membrane (2)

1) transport that requires the action of specific carrier proteins in the membrane, called carrier-mediated transport, Carrier-mediated transport may be further subdivided into: a. facilitated diffusion b. active transport 2) transport through the membrane that is not carrier mediated. It involves the simple diffusion of ions, lipid-soluble molecules, and water through the membrane, Osmosis is the net diffusion of solvent (water) through a membrane.

Three forms of Carrier-Mediated Transport

1. Stereospecificity 2. Saturation 3. Competition

Normal Osmolality in plasma is about ____ mOsM/kg

280-303

Normal range of blood glucose

70-120 mg/dL

Examples of primary active transport

A) Na+, and K+ (pump) in cell membranes transports Na+ from intracellular to extracellular fluid and K+ from extracellular to IC fluid, it maintains low intracellular Na+ and high intracellular K+. -Both Na+ and K+ are transported against their electrochemical gradients. -Energy (ATP) is provided .-The stoichiometry is 3 Na+/2 K+. -Specific inhibitors of Na+, K+-atpase are the cardiac glycoside drugs ouabain and digitals. B) Ca2+-ATPase (or Ca2+ pump) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) or cell membrane transports Ca2+ against an electrochemical gradient.  C) H+, K+-ATPase (or proton pump) in gastric parietal cells transports H+ into lumen of the stomach against its electrochemical gradient. -It is inhibited by omeprazole.

____ acts on the kidneys to promote water retention, so that a lower volume of more concentrated urine is excreted

ADH

Active Transport: ATP or NO ATP

ATP

Primary active transport: Releasing of calcium from SR, needs _____ which is the second example of primary active transport

ATP

Primary active transport: Synaptic membrane which leads to opening of sodium potassium channel (which is the first example of primary active transport) which requires _____

ATP

Secondary active transport: The first ion pump requires ____ which helps other ion substances transport and second ion or transport can be more than one ion or substance (multi-ion)

ATP

Primary active transport: _________ is pushed into synaptic cleft by calcium

Acetylcholine

______ cannot pass through the blood vessel wall, remains inside of the blood vessels and increases osmotic pressure in bloodstream

Albumin

Primary active transport: Presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments when the ___ receives stimulus from all sides leads to opening of __________

Axons, calcium channels

Cystic Fibrosis occurs when there is a mutation in the ____ gene

CFTR

The genetic defect involves a particular glycoprotein that forms _____ channels in the _____ membrane of the epithelial cells.

Cl-, apical

______ is the osmotic pressure created by proteins (plasma proteins)

Colloid osmotic pressure, or oncotic pressure

Another example of Osmosis

Cystic Fibrosis

Blood vessels absorb extra fluid from cells and interstitial space which prevents which prevents accumulation of fluid inside the cell, called ______

Edema

Carrier-Mediated Transport: Stereospecificity

For example, D-glucose (the natural isomer) is transported by facilitated diffusion, but the L-glucose isomer is not. Simple diffusion, however, would not distinguish between the two isomers because it does not involve a carrier.

The cause of Cystic Fibrosis

Genetic Disorder

Cystic Fibrosis does not move into the ______ for processing, it doesn't get correctly processed and inserted into vesicles that would introduce it into the cell membrane.

Golgi Complex

67% of ____ is absorbed in secondary active transport

H2O

Due to high osmotic pressure, it absorbs ____

H2O

Pancreas/Pancreatitis:

Inflammation of pancreas leads to endocrine disorders such as Type I diabetes

Diffusion Equation:

J= -PA (C1-C2) where:J=flux (flow) (mmol/sec) P=permeability (cm/sec) A=area (cm2) C1=concentration1 (mmol/L) C2=concentration2 (mmol/L)

Secondary Active Transport: Nephrons: In ______

Kidneys

Passive transport: ATP or NO ATP

NO ATP

After absorption of H2O, the _______ becomes the same level (ISO)

Osmolarity

_______ is the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane from a solution with low solute concentration to a solution with high solute concentration.

Osmosis

__________ is a number between zero and one that describes the ease with which a solute permeates a membrane

Reflection Coefficient (RC)

Effective osmotic pressure (calculated by Van't Hoff's law) multiplied by the ______

Reflection coefficient RC

The molecule or ions move from high to low concentrated compartment without consuming any ATP is ___________

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

Primary active transport: The calcium is not sufficient, for that reason it stimulates _____ which is full of calcium.

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

____ or ion can move from low-high or high-low on concentration gradient

Solute

Carrier-Mediated Transport: Competition.

Structurally related solutes compete for transport sites on carrier molecules. For example, galactose is a competitive inhibitor of glucose transport in the small intestine.

Extracellular matrix

The extracellular environment fluids, as interstitial, or tissue, fluid, within a matrix of glycoproteins and proteoglycans. It consists of the protein fibers collagen and elastin. This fluid, derived from blood plasma, provides nutrients and regulatory molecules to the cells. The extracellular environment is supported by collagen and elastin protein fibers, which also from the basal lamina below epithelial membranes.

Carrier-Mediated Transport: Saturation

The transport rate increases as the concentration of the solute increases, until the carriers are saturated. The transport maximum (™) is analogous to the maximum velocity (V max) in enzyme kinetics.

Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis

There is no treatment for CF, only thing to do is control inflammation by cortisol and antibiotics for bacterial infection.

CLINICAL POINT: Deficiency of insulin leads to ______ and _________

Type I diabetes, hyperglycemia

____ (a small solute) has a reflection coefficient of close to zero and it is, therefore, an ineffective osmole.

Urea

Examples of Osmosis

a. Solution 1 and 2 are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Solution 1 contains a solute that is too large to cross the membrane. Solution 2 is pure water. The pressure of the solute in solution 1 produces an osmotic pressure. b. The osmotic pressure difference across the membrane causes water to flow from solution 2 (which has no solute and the lower osmotic pressure) to solution 1 (which has the solute and the higher osmotic pressure.) c. With time, the volume of solution 1 increases and the volume of solution 2 decreases.

Secondary active transport Characteristics

a. The transport of two or more solutes is coupled. b. One of the solutes (usually Na+) is transported downhill and provides energy for the uphill transport of the other solute(s). c. Metabolic energy is not provided directly, but indirectly from the Na+ gradient that is maintained across cell membranes. Thus, inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase will decrease transport of Na+ out of the cell, decrease the transmembrane Na+ gradient, and eventually inhibit secondary active transport. d. If the solutes move in the same direction across the cell membrane, it is called cotransport, or symport. (EX) : Na+-glucose cotransport in the small intestine and Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransport in the renal thick ascending limb. e. If the solutes move in opposite directions across the cell membranes, it is called countertransport, exchange, or antiport. (EX) Example: Na+-Ca2+ exchange.

Integrins

are a class of glycoproteins that extend from the cytoskeleton within a cell, through its plasma membrane, and into the exracellular matrix. By binding to components within the matrix, they serve as adhesion molecule between cells and the extracellular matrix.

Extracellular space equals to _____ and _____ space

blood vessel, interstitial

In Facilitated Diffusion, When first molecule or substance facilitates or accelerates second substance or second molecule transport into target cell without first substance, 2nd substance ____ get into target cell. They work together.

cannot

Plasma proteins, in contrast to other plasma solutes, cannot pass from the _____ into the _____ fluid

capillaries, tissue

This CF channel is primarily responsible for controlling the movement of _____ from inside to outside of the cell.

chloride

When the CFTR protein does not work, _____ is trapped outside the cell

chloride

example of Simple diffusion: steroid hormone precursor is _____ (lipid bilayer membrane) The substances that are _____ easily can pass through cell membrane, but large molecules or proteins cannot.

cholesterol, lipophilic

This may occur, for example, when a damaged liver as in ______ is unable to produce sufficient amounts of ____, the major protein in the blood plasma.

cirrhosis, albumin

CFTR spans this membrane and acts as a channel connecting the inner part of the cell, ______, to the surrounding fluid

cytoplasm

Genetic Disorder when there is any mutation to a gene structure in _______ leads to some disorders

cytoplasm

Primary Active Transport EX: sodium potassium pump, Calcium ATP pump, Hydrogen ion potassium pump Leads to __________

cytoplasm of postsynaptic compartments

If a person has an abnormally low concentration of plasma proteins, excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissues- a condition called ____ will result.

edema

This protein known as CFTR (for Cystic Fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) is formed in the usual manner in the _________

endoplasmic reticulum

Simple Diffusion Depends on the concentration of solute or ion from_____________ (sometimes they have competition)

first compartment

Support for connective cell to blood vessels and contains _____

fluid

The higher the Osmotic pressure of a solution, the _____ the water flow into it

greater

Water returns from tissue fluid to blood capillaries of blood plasma is ____ than the protein concentration of tissue fluid.

higher

Simple Diffusion: Small Hydrophobic solutes have the ____ permeabilities in lipid membranes.

highest

Over 120 mg/dL is called ____________

hyperglycemia

If two solutions have different calculated osmolarities, the solution with the higher osmolarity is _______ and the solution with the lower osmolarity is _______.

hyperosmotic, hyposmotic

Osmotic Pressure: If two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane have different effective osmotic pressures, the solution with the higher effective osmotic pressure is ____ and the solution with the lower effective osmotic pressure is _______.

hypertonic, hypotonic

If the RC is one, the solute is ________. Therefore, it is retained in the original solution, it creates an osmotic pressure.

impermeable

Osmotic Pressure _____ when the solute concentration increases

increases

Primary active transport: Calcium concentration ______ in Presynaptic compartment

increases

Simple Diffusion: Hydrophilic solutes must cross cell membrane through water-filled channels, or pores. If a solute is an ____, then its flux will depend on both the concentration difference and the potential difference across the membrane.

ion

Two solutions that have the same calculated osmolarity are _______.

isosmotic

Osmotic Pressure: Two solutions having the same effective osmotic pressure are ______ because no water flows across a semipermeable membrane separating them.

isotonic

CTR cell into ____. Any mutation to CFTR then leads to over expression of Cl- into lumen. Then sodium (heavy solute) gets into lumen and leads into increase of osmotic pressure in the womb (lumen). By this time leads to attract white blood cells such as _____ causes local inflammation.

lumen, neutrophils

Primary active transport: Calcium activates ________ (actin and myosin) and muscle contraction

microfilaments

Dilute concentrated water in lumen because of absorption of H2O into lumen leads to sever diarrhea which decreases the body fluid and dehydration and by time leads to formation of ______

mucus

Cystic Fibrosis: Formation of mucus in the respiratory system:

newborn death, because of accumulation of mucus in airways of lung

The ______ in the hypothalamus then stimulate a tract of ____ that terminate in the posterior pituitary; this causes the posterior pituitary to releases ____ into the blood

osmoreceptors, axons, ADH

Increased plasma osmolality stimulates _____ in the ____ of the brain

osmoreceptors, hypothalamus

The increased blood osmolality and osmotic pressure stimulate _______, which are neurons located in part of the brain called the ______

osmoreceptors, hypothalamus

If the RC is one, the solute will exert maximal effective osmotic pressure. If the reflection coefficient is zero, the solute will exert no _______

osmotic pressure

In Cystic Fibrosis, such membranes line the ______ and small respiratory airways, they produce a dense, viscous mucus that cannot be properly cleared, which may lead to pancreatic and pulmonary disorders.

pancreatic ductules

If RC is zero, the solute is completely _____. Therefore, it will not exert any osmotic effect, and it will not cause water flow.

permeable

_____ proteins are osmotically active.

plasma

Primary active transport: Because of this it leads to opening of calcium channels and calcium enters into ______.

post synaptic

Primary active transport: Acetylcholine Binds to its receptor on _______ membrane

postsynaptic

Primary active transport: Opening of Ca channel, in _______ compartment

presynaptic

When a person becomes dehydrated, the blood becomes more concentration as the total volume is ______

reduced

______ (large solute) has a reflection coefficient of nearly one

serum albumin

Antiport:

substances or ions travel in opposite directions

Secondary active transport: EX: sodium can ______ (move in the same directions) other ions and substances

symport

Active transport

transport is net movement across a membrane that occurs against a concentration gradient (to the region of higher concentration). Active transport requires metabolic energy (ATP) and involves specific carrier proteins.

Passive transport

transport is the net movement of molecules and ions across a membrane from higher to lower concentration, it does not require metabolic energy. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.