Am. Gov Chapter 14

The Nullification Crisis

In 1828, Congress passed a law raising tariffs, or taxes on imported goods such as cloth and glass. The idea was to encourage the growth of manufacturing in the United States. Higher tariffs meant higher prices for imported factory goods. American manufacturers could then outsell their foreign competitors. Northern states, favored the new tariff law. The new law benefited the north because they had lots of new factories. Southerners opposed tariffs for several reasons. -Tariffs raised the prices they paid for factory goods. -High tariffs also discouraged trade among nations, -planters in the South worried that tariffs would hurt cotton sales to other countries. -In addition, many southerners believed that a law favoring one region—in this case, the North—was unconstitutional.

The Indian Removal Act

In 1830, urged on by President Jackson, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. This law allowed the president to make treaties in which American Indians in the East traded their lands for new territory on the Great Plains. The law did *not* say that the Indians should be removed by force, and in 1831 the Supreme Court held that Indians had a right to keep their lands. An angry Jackson disagreed. Groups that refused to move west voluntarily were met with military force.

How did Jackson killed the Bank of the United States?

In 1833, he ordered the secretary of the treasury to remove all federal deposits from the bank and put the money in state banks. J Jackson's enemies called these banks "pet banks" because the president's supporters ran them. Delegations of business owners begged Jackson not to kill the bank. Jackson refused. Abolishing the bank, he believed, was a victory for economic democracy.

The Trail of Tears

In 1836, thousands of Creek Indians who refused to leave Alabama were rounded up and marched west in handcuffs. Two years later, under President Martin Van Buren, more than 17,000 Cherokees were forced from their homes in Georgia and herded west by federal troops. Four thousand of these Indians died during the long walk to Indian Territory, which took place in the winter. Those who survived remembered that terrible journey as the Trail of Tears. A soldier who took part in the Cherokee removal called it "the cruelest work I ever knew."

Presidential election of 1828 (Cont..)

In the election of 1828, Jackson's supporters worked hard to reach the nation's voters. Jackson supporters sang "The Hunters of Kentucky"—the nation's first campaign song—and cheered for "Old Hickory." They wore Jackson badges, bottoms, carried hickory sticks, and chanted catchy campaign slogans like "Adams can write, but Jackson can fight." When the votes were counted, Jackson was the clear winner. But his supporters came from among the general population, not the rich and upper class But it was also a victory for the idea that the *common people should control their government. This idea eventually became known as Jacksonian Democracy.*

Nasty Presidential election of 1828

Jackson VS Adams -Adams was the incumbent or President at the time -Jackson was a hero : War of 1812- Battle of New Orleans. Both sides used Mudsling ( made accusations at each other) Examples: -Adams was called a "Sabbath-breaker" for traveling on Sunday -Adams was also accused of using public money to purchase gambling tables for the White House. -Adams supporters called Jackson a crude and ignorant man who was unfit to be president. -Adams supporters also brought up old scandals about his wife. -Jackson was called "Old Hickory"

What was Jackson nickname?

"Old Hickory" His troops called him "Old Hickory" because he was as tough as "the hardest wood in all creation."

How did Adams beat Jackson for president in 1824?

- In 1824, Jackson ran for president against three other candidates: Henry Clay, William Crawford, and John Quincy Adams. -Jackson won the most popular votes as well as the most electoral votes. But he did not have enough electoral votes for a majority. -When no candidate has an electoral majority, the House of Representatives chooses a president from among the three leading candidates. -Clay, who had come in fourth, urged his supporters in the House to vote for Adams. That support gave Adams enough votes to become president. Adams then chose Clay to be his secretary of state.

Andrew Jackson Childhood

-His father died before he was born leaving the family in poverty -Jackson loved sports more than schoolwork -At the age of 13, Jackson joined the local militia and was capture by the British -while capture by the British, a British soldier asked Jackson to polish his boots, Jackson replied he was a prisoner of war and should be treated as such. The British soldier was enrage, took out his sword and sliced Jackson's head and hand. Jackson carried these scars for the rest of his life. -Jackson had a very hot temper

Jackson Duel with Dickenson (Example of Jackson's hot temper)

A slave trader named Charles Dickinson called Jackson "a worthless scoundrel." Enraged, Jackson challenged Dickinson to a duel with pistols. Jackson killed Dickinson with a single shot, even though Dickinson shot first and wounded him.

What did Jackson do after the war?

After the war, Jackson decided to become a lawyer. He went to work in a law office in North Carolina. Later, Jackson headed west to Nashville, Tennessee, to practice law. At that time, Nashville was a tiny frontier settlement of rough cabins and tents. But the town grew quickly, and Jackson's practice grew with it. He soon earned enough money to buy land and slaves and set himself up as a gentleman farmer. Despite his success, Jackson never outgrew his hot temper.

How did Jackson feel about American Indians?

Andrew Jackson had little sympathy for American Indians.

How did Andrew Jackson approached governing?

As he had an army Jackson used the cabinet but relied on his personal friends and supporters for political advise

How did Jackson respond to the actions led by Calhoun? /Nullification crisis

Even though he was from South Carolina, Jackson was outraged. "If one drop of blood be shed there in defiance of the laws of the United States," he raged, "I will hang the first man of them I can get my hands on to the first tree I can find." He called on Congress to pass the *Force Bill*, which would allow him to use the federal army to collect tariffs if needed. At the same time, Congress passed a *compromise bill* that lowered tariffs still further. Faced with such firm opposition, South Carolina backed down and the nullification crisis ended.

Why was the 1828 presidential election different?

In the presidential election of 1828 there were many first-time voters. Until the 1820s, the right to vote had been limited to the rich and upper class. Until then, only white men with property were thought to have the education and experience to vote wisely. The new states forming west of the Appalachians challenged this argument. These new states felt that rich or poor, educated or not—everybody shared the same opportunities and dangers. They believed they should also share the same rights, including the right to vote. With the western states leading the way, voting laws were changed to give the "common man" the right to vote. This expansion of democracy did not yet include African Americans, American Indians, or women. Still, over one million Americans voted in 1828, more than three times the number who voted in 1824.

How did Jackson became widely known?

Jackson did not become widely known until the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. His defense of the city made Jackson a national hero

Jackson's war with the Bank of the United Staes?

Jackson thought that the bank benefited rich eastern depositors at the expense of farmers and workers, as well as smaller state banks. He felt that the bank stood in the way of opportunity for capitalists in the West and other regions. He also distrusted the bank's president, Nicholas Biddle, who was everything Jackson was not: wealthy, upper class, well educated, and widely traveled.

What did Andrew Jackson do to help the South? /Nullification Crisis

Jackson understood southerners' concerns so in 1832, he signed a new law that lowered tariff.

How did the Southern states respond to Jackson lowering the tariffs?/Nullification Crisis

Jackson's new law lowering the tariffs was not enough to satisfy the south. Southerners led by Calhoun, proclaimed South Carolina's right to nullify, or reject, both the 1828 and 1832 tariff laws. South Carolina threatened to secede (secede: means to withdraw from an organization or alliance) if the national government tried to enforce the tariff laws.

The Spoils system

Jackson's opponents called the practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs the spoils system Jackson replaced many Republicans office holders with loyal Democrats. Many of these Republicans(civil servants) viewed their posts as lifetime jobs. Jackson disagreed. According to Jackson, rotating people in office was more democratic than lifetime service, he said, because it gave more people a chance to serve their government. Jackson believed that after a few years in office, civil servants should go back to making a living as other people do. Jackson removed around 10% of Republicans although Republicans exaggerated the numbers to make it seem like more.

How did Jackson supporters feel about Adams becoming president

Jackson's supporters, however, accused Adams and Clay of making a "corrupt bargain" to rob their hero of his rightful election. They promised revenge in 1828 presidential elections.

The Seminoles of Florida

Led by a young chief named Osceola (ah-see-OH-luh), the Seminoles of Florida resisted removal for ten years. This Indian war is the most costly Indian war ever fought in the United States. A number of Seminoles were finally sent to Indian Territory. But others found safety in the Florida swamps. Their descendants still live in Florida today. When Andrew Jackson left office, he was proud of having "solved" the American Indian problem for good. In reality, Jackson had simply moved the conflict between American Indians and whites across the Mississippi River.

The new voters

Many of these new voters did believe they had rescued the country from disaster. In their view, the national government had been taken over by corrupt "monied interests" meaning the rich Jackson had promised to throw the rich out and return the government to "the people." His election reflected a shift in power to the West and to the farmers, shopkeepers, and small-business owners who supported him.

Where did most of the Indians lived?

Most Indians lived in the South and they belonged to five groups: Creek Cherokee Chickasaw Choctaw Seminole These Indians had adopted many white ways. -Most had given up hunting to become farmers. -Many had learned to read and write. -The Cherokee had their own written language, a newspaper, and a constitution modeled on the U.S. Constitution. Whites called these Indians the "Five Civilized Tribes." As cotton growing spread westward, wealthy planters and poor settlers alike looked greedily at Indian homelands. They decided the Indians had to go.

Andrew Jackson's inauguration

On March 4, 1829, more than 10,000 people, who came from every state, crowded into Washington, D.C., to witness Andrew Jackson's inauguration. After Jackson was sworn in as president, a huge crowd followed him to the White House. As the crowd surged in, the celebration turned into a near riot. But it was the "People's inauguration" "People's day" and the "People's President,"

Where and when was Andrew Jackson born?

South Carolina frontier in 1767

The Sac and Fox Indians of Illinois

The Sac and Fox Indians of Illinois. Led by a chief named Black Hawk fought removal for two years. Black Hawk's War ended in 1832 with the slaughter of most of his warriors. As he was taken off in chains, the chief told his captors, Black Hawk is an Indian. He has done nothing for which an Indian ought to be ashamed. He has fought for his countrymen, the squaws [women] and papooses [young children], against white men who came, year after year, to cheat them of and take away their land. You know the cause of our making war. It is known to all white men. They ought to be ashamed of it.

What was Henry Clay role in Jackson war against the United States Bank?

The bank's charter, or contract, with the federal government was due to come up for renewal in 1836. Jackson might have waited until after his reelection to end relationships with the bank, but Henry Clay, who planned to run for president against Jackson in 1832, decided to force the issue. Clay pushed a bill through Congress that renewed the bank's charter or contract with the Federal Government four years early. He thought that if Jackson signed the bill, the farmers who shared his dislike of banks would not reelect him. If Jackson vetoed the bill, he would lose votes from businesspeople who depended on the bank for loans. What Clay had forgotten was that there were many more poor farmers to cast votes than there were rich bankers and businesspeople. Jackson vetoed the recharter bill. Jackson called the bank an unconstitutional monopoly that existed mainly to make the rich richer. The voters seemed to agree. In 1832, a large majority elected Jackson to a second term.

Bank of the Unites States

The country's first national bank. Partly owned by the Federal government and it had a monopoly on federal deposits

What is the kitchen cabinet?

The kitchen cabinet was made up of Jacksons trusted friends and political supporters. It's called this because they met in the White House kitchen and because they were not members of the actual cabinet. The rich men who had been used to influencing the government did not trust Jackson's people but Jackson ignored them and continued to seek advise from the people he trusted.

After independence, how the new national government tried to settle conflicts with the Indians.

The new national government tried to settle these conflicts through treaties. Typically, the treaties drew boundaries between areas claimed for settlers and areas that the government promised to let the Indians have forever. In exchange for giving up their old lands, Indians were promised food, supplies, and money. Despite the treaties, American Indians continued to be pushed off their land. By the time Jackson became president, only 125,000 Indians still lived east of the Mississippi River. Jackson was determined to remove the remaining Indians to a new Indian Territory in the West.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837),

What did Jackson supporters do?

They built a new political organization called the Democratic Party, This new party, they promised, would represent ordinary farmers, workers, and the poor.

What is nullification?

concept in which states could nullify, or void, any federal law they deemed unconstitutional

Jacksonian Democracy

the idea that the common people should control the government

What became national policy during his presidency?

to remove Indians who remained in the East by force.