American government chapter 1-6 test

What does intersectionality mean? Give an example.

the theory that the overlap of various social identities, as race, gender, sexuality, and class, contributes to the specific type of systemic oppression and discrimination experienced by an individual ex. minority woman

Where do we find the reserved powers in the Constitution? And to whom are these powers reserved?

10th amendment reserved to the state

What are the Reconstruction Amendments?

13th, 14th, and 15th amendments

The constitutional basis for the nationalization of the Bill of Rights is established in what Amendment?

14th amendment

A woman's constitutional right to vote was established in what Amendment and when?

19th amendment August 18,1920

The US Constitution consists of how many articles and Amendments? And Art I deals with what branch? Art II deals with what branch? Art III deals with what branch?

7 articles/ 27 amendments art 1: congress art 2: executive art 3: judicial

What is Cooperative Federalism?

A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between federal, states and the (local)national government.(marble cake)

what does the neccesary and proper clause actually do

Allows congress to use more power as needed based on implied powers

What was the name given to those at the Constitutional Convention who favored strong state governments with a more limited central government

Anti-Federalists

Which court case overturned the "Separate but Equal Doctrine"?

Brown v. BOA

bonus question 2:Who was Viola Liuzzo? Cezar Chavez?

Cezar Chavez(founded the national farm-workers association) and viola Luizzo(mother of 5 who left her children to go to alabama was killed by kkk) were both civil rights activists

Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal" brought about which kind of federalism?

Cooperative

What did the Declaration of Independence do?

Declared our independence from Great Britain

How do we call the specific powers granted to the national government in Article I, Section 8?

Enumerated powers

What is a categorical grant?

Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport. grants with conditions(gov. compete with each other proposing other projects.)

During the ratification debates, who were the Anti-federalists and who were the Federalists?

Federalists: wanted strong central gov/weak state gov Anti-federalists: wanted strong state government/weak central gov

What president initiated Cooperative Federalism?

Franklin D. Roosevelt

What is the Indian Citizenship Act (1924) and American Indian Rights (AIM)?

Indian citizenship act: Granted full U.S. citizenship to the indigenous peoples of the United States American Indian rights: founded in the United States in July 1968 formed in urban areas to address systemic issues of poverty and police brutality against Native Americans.

What did Brown v. Board of Education do?

It ended legal school segregation by holding that separate is not equal.

What is the largest minority of the United States?

Latinos

what is constitutionalism?

Limited government to protect the rights of the people, The idea that the powers of government should be limited by a constitution ex: United States

The Supreme Court's authority to declare acts of Congress or of the President unconstitutional (judicial review) comes from what court decision?

Marbury v. Madison

What was the Chicano Movement?

Mexican American Civil Rights Movement that included student demonstrations to press for bilingual education, the hiring of more Chicano teachers, workers' rights, and the creation of Chicano studies programs

What is a grant-in-aid?

Money transferred by the national Congress to state and local governments that doesn't need to be paid back

Which court case established the "Separate but Equal Doctrine"?

Plessy v. Ferguson

What did the Voting Rights of 1965 do?

Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

What was The Virginia Plan about? What was The New Jersey Plan about? and what institution embodies today the Connecticut Compromise?

Virginia plan: Created a bicameral legislature representation based on popular vote (population) new jersey plan: called for a unicameral legislature and that all states would have an equal voice institution that embodies Connecticut compromise: Congress

what is indirect democracy?

When the people elect representatives to make the laws (representative democracy; republic)

What is selective incorporation?

a constitutional doctrine that ensures states cannot enact laws that take away the constitutional rights of American citizens that are enshrined in the Bill of Rights.(to choose what bill of rights to include in the state)

bonus question 4:What is a public good?

a good that doesn't run out no matter how many times it is used(goods provided for the public)

What is totalitarianism?

a government that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life

What is the exclusionary rule?

a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.

What is Affirmative Action and Bakke v. University of California (1978)

a policy used by colleges and universities to improve the educational opportunities for minority groups (including minority races, genders, and sexual orientations) that are commonly and historically discriminated against. landmark decisions by the Supreme Court of the United States. It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy.

What is socialism?

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

What is an implied power?

a power that is not directly stated in the constitution but is implied. ex: national security

bonus question 5: what is a collective action dilemma?

a situation in which all individuals would be better off cooperating but fail to do so because of conflicting interests between individuals that discourage joint action.

What is Judicial Federalism?

a system in which judicial authority is shared between levels of government

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Federalism?

advantage: responsibility of governments and higher participation disadvantage: inequalities of services

What is capitalism?

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

What does concurrent power mean? Give an example.

basic governing functions that are exercised by both the national and state gov independently given by the constitution (national and state gov share powers) ex: the power to make policy,creating courts

What court case overturned Plessy v Fergusson?

brown V. BOA

What is the difference between Civil liberties and Civil rights?

civil liberties: constitutionally established liberties that protect citizens and are guaranteed by the constitution, legislation, and judicial decisions.(basic freedoms) civil rights: The rights and privileges guaranteed by the government under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth amendments laws.(race, sex, etc.)

What is nullification?

concept in which states could nullify, or invalidate, any federal law they deemed unconstitutional

The power to regulate health services is a concurrent power, which means what?

concurrent: shared by federal, state, local

What was McCullough v Maryland about?

created the Second Bank of the United States and that the state of Maryland lacked the power to tax the Bank. (Established national supremacy; established implied powers; use of elastic clause; state unable to tax federal institution justified the strong understanding of enumerated powers)

What is the difference between de facto and de jure discrimination?

de jure: (in the law/ex:jim crow laws): exists as a result of law de facto: (by fact/practica/practice)discrimination in practice but not necessarily ordained by law. (racial discrimination which is not mandated by the government.

What is direct democracy

direct democracy: citizens decide policy through major rule

What is the definition of Federalism?

division of power between the three branches of government(federal,state,local)

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do?

ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin (eliminated jim crow laws)

What did Ogden v Gibbons do?

established Interstate commerce (New York granted Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton the exclusive right of steamboat navigation on New York state waters. )

What did Marbury v. Madison do?

established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review

What are some elements of Horizontal Federalism?

forming agreements with other states, extraditions, capacity, centralization, and constraints

This problem occurs when those who do not contribute to a collective effort reap collective benefits

free riding problem

What is prior restraint?

government action that seeks to prevent materials from being published that are viewed as harmful/libelous

What is authoritarianism?

government has a lot of power but are checked by other forces in society.

The Shays' Rebellion was significant because of what?

highlighted the weaknesses of the national confederacy

What is the importance of the May Flower Compact?

it highlights the first contract of self government

What was the internment of Japanese during World War II?

it was the forced relocation and incarceration in concentration camps in the western interior of the country of about 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry, most of whom lived on the Pacific Coast.

What did Roe v. Wade do?

made abortion legal

What did Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) do?

made same sex marriage equal

what is communism?

means of production are owned by the people and goods would be shared equally ex: north Korea

What does market of ideas mean?

nobody is above anyone else(all ideas are equal)

Provide examples of perceived intrusions on criminal due process

not reading Miranda rights 4-8 amendments

What is political efficacy and what is political apathy?

political efficacy: citizens who believe they have the power to influence government and achieve something desireable political apathy: disinterest in the sense of politics

What are principles of American Government?

popular sovereignty, limited government(republicanism), separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism.

Provide examples of inherent characteristics

race, sex, etc.

What was the Dred Scott v Standford case about?

slaves were property and not citizens(Scott sued for his freedom, arguing that since he had lived in a free state and a free territory, he was a free man)

bonus question 3:What is a rational actor?

someone who act for themselves (selfishness)

What is Dual Federalism?

state and national gov work independently (layer cake)

What is the Three-fifths Compromise?

states that one slave counted as 3/5 of a free white man

What constitutional clause affirms that national laws and treaties made under the authority of the Constitution are the supreme law of the land?

supremacy clause

Who or what is the final interpreter of the content and scope of Americans' civil liberties?

supreme court (attorney general/judicial branch)

Provide examples of Jim crow laws

the grandfather clause, literacy test, de jure segregation

What historical event contributed to the end of Dual Federalism?

the great depression

What are the three main ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence?

the grievances American Creed Affirmation of natural rights

What does the theory of Incorporation mean?

to include the bill of rights to the states constitution

What is devolution of powers?

transfer of power from central government to local & state

What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

weak central gov weak army couldn't levy taxes

bonus question 6:What is a Tragedy of commons?

when individuals tend to exploit shared resources so the demand greatly outweighs supply, and the resource becomes unavailable for the whole.

What is politics?

who gets what,where, and how in a society