American History Chapter 8

What steps did minorities take to combat social problems and discrimination?

Formed groups to fight back (NAACP, Mutualistas, Urban Leagues, and Anti-Defamation League)

Woodrow Wilson

Former President of Princeton and Governor of New Jersey, won the nomination and ran on the "New Freedom", placed strict government control on corporations and more opportunities for small businesses.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Founded by the Niagara Movement, to help African Americans to be physically free from peonage )forced low-paid work), mentally free from ignorance, politically free from disenfranchisement, and socially free from insult.

National Newlands Reclamation Act

Francis Newlands convinced Roosevelt to push the federal government to build huge reservoirs to hold and conserve water. Gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed.

Sixteenth Amendment

Gave congress the power to levy an income tax.

Nineteenth Amendment

Gave women the right to vote. Legislators noticed that women's suffrage was a good idea.

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle

Highlighted the despair if the immigrants working in Chicago's stockyards and revealed the unsanitary conditions in the industry.

Anti-Defamation League

Jewish people were also facing discriminatory practices. Organization formed to defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks, false statements, and "to secure justice and fair treatment to all citizens alike."

Social Gospel

Many reformers thought Christianity should form the basis of reform. Reform movement that sought to use Bible teachings about charity and justice to make society "the kingdom of God".

Mutualistas

Mexican Americans faced the same discrimination as African Americans. They organized groups which made loans, provided legal assistance and insurance to those who were unable to work.

Muckrakers

Newspaper reporters who began to advocate to reform by highlighting the living and working conditions of the lower classes.

Did Roosevelt believe federal lands should be preserved against all human uses? Explain.

No, he wanted to preserve the beauty but some should be used for economic purposes: US Forest Service

New Nationalism

President Theodore Roosevelt's plan to restore the government's trustbusting power.

Recall

Procedure that permits voters to remove public officials from office before the next election.

Initiative

Process by which citizens can put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting voters' signatures on a petition.

Referendum

Process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by their legislature.

How did Progressives' views about race and values foster prejudice?

Progressives tried to make a model society, and to follow the white middle class, Social Darwinism (some people were more fit than others to play a leading role in society).

Temperance Movement and Amendment 18

Promotion of the practice of never drinking alcohol. The Women's Christian Temperance Movement led this cause. Women believed the consumption of alcohol by husbands led to spousal abuse, wasting family's income on alcohol, and neglect.

Carrie Chapman Catt's "winning plan"

"Winning Plan" called for action on two fronts: - Women were to lobby their congressmen to pass a constitutional amendment which would give women the right to vote, -Others would use the referendum process to pass suffrage laws in the states.

What areas did Progressives think were in need of the greatest reform?

-Corrupt government -Change system to stop corruption but also get the people involved -Make economics more fair -Better working and living conditions -Corrupt businesses -Shrink gap between rich and poor

What specific Progressive reforms came from the Social Gospel idea?

-Ended child labor -Shorter work days -Pushed federal government to limit the power of corporations and trusts -Settlement House

What new forms of municipal (city) government were introduced?

-Galveston Plan

How did Roosevelt's use of presidential and federal power differ from that of earlier Presidents? Give two examples.

-He saw America as a beautiful landscape and preserved parts of it for future generations. He is special because he sets aside more national parks and goes above and beyond any other president -Coal strike and focused on the workers -Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection: protecting consumer

What did Theodore Roosevelt think government should do for citizens?

-Keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of the poor, but did not mean that everyone would get rich -Government should be focused on the lower classes and not the upper class

Which groups in American society might have opposed Progressive reform? Explain.

-Big industry owners because it gives more rights to their workers; therefore, they can't take advantage of their workers. -corrupt politicians were getting wealthy off of corruption.

Alice Paul's militancy

Favored a more militant approach as she encouraged women to protest loudly and publicly for the vote. Her suffragettes became the first to lead a picket line to the White House where hundreds of women were arrested.

Describe how each of the following met Progressive goals: the Sixteenth Amendment; the Clayton Antitrust Act; the Federal Trade Commerce. TEST

-16th Amendment: Put more responsibility on upper class. -Clayton Antitrust Act: Busted trusts, destroy monopoly -FTC: Protected the consumers

Federal Reserve Act

-Placed because there was no central banking system, which led to fluctuating interest rates and the banking industry controlled by a few wealthy individuals -Law that placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board, which set up regional banks to hold reserve funds from commercial banks, it also ensures money is not disbursed evenly around the country, sets interest rates, and supervises banks.

What steps did Wilson take to increase the government's role in the economy?

-The Underwood Tariff Act: lowered Tariffs and -Federal Reserve Act: Put Federal Control on things -FTC: Monitored business practices that may lead to monopolies

Why did Roosevelt's enforce the Sherman Antitrust act against the Norther Securities (railroad) Company? Did he dislike all trusts?

-Took advantage of smaller companies and the customers. -No, he just disliked the bad trusts.

Federal Trade Commission

-Wilson favored Taft's approach to trusts and created the FTC to monitor business practices that may lead to monopolies, watching out for false advertising, and dishonest labeling.

How did suffragettes' support of the war effort during WWI affect their effort to win the right to vote at the national level?

-Women could work as well as men -Women were very outspoken about the war effort and the women showed that they understood World Politics

Early suffragettes Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton failed to win nation voting rights for women, but where was there some early success?

-Women in the western states were allowed to vote. -School Board elections, women were allowed to vote -Show women that there is strength in numbers, they gave women the road map to get their

What problems did muckraker expose and what effects did their work have on Progressive reform?

-Working and living conditions of the working class. -Political and economic corruption. -Corrupt businesses. Shined a light on all the corruption.

Why would education have led middle-class women to address societal problems?

-introduced them to new ideas and problems -more economic power jobs/stronger voice -better understanding of issues -responsibility, communication,

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

146 workers died in the fire because of a lack of safety regulations. Workers could barely escape because managers had locked most exits. New York and other states enacted safety laws and worker's compensation legislation as a result of the fire.

Progressivism

A movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms.

Florence Kelley and the National Consumers League

Because of the argument that women were a different group of people with different responsibilities the Supreme Court recognized women as a separate group and began to make laws restricting their working hours and conditions. Kelley believed that women were hurt by the unfair prices of goods they had to buy to run their homes, so she founded the NCL. NCL gave special labels to products that were fair and safe and made under healthy working conditions. Women were encouraged to buy these products. She also founded the Women's Trade Union League to help improve the working conditions, hours, and pay of women working in factories.

Margaret Sanger

Believed women were having too many children which negatively effected their health. Opened first birth-control clinic. Founded the American Birth Control League which became Planned Parenthood.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Act strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act .(law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce). Spelled out those activities in which businesses could not engage. Specified particular prohibited conduct, the three level enforcement scheme, he exemptions, and the remedial. Protected labor unions from being classified as monopolies.

Booker T. Washington

Advocated a patient approach to equality. He advised African Americans to work hard and wanted them to work toward economic equality which he believed would lead to political and social equality. Founded the Tuskegee Institute to provide African Americans with access to higher education in order to learn trade skills.

Ida B. Wells

African American women also worked for social changer during the Progressive Era. Helped form the National Association of Colored Women. The NACW raised money to help African American families across the country and provided low-cost or free day care to help working mothers, education for the women too.

Meat Inspection Act

After "The Jungle" came out Roosevelt urged congress to pass this law which required all meat that crossed state lines to be inspected by federal agents along with the inspection of meat-processing plants.

"Fighting Bob" La Follette of Wisconsin

Elected governor of Wisconsin, won the passage of many reform laws.

Eighteenth Amendment

Banned the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol. Came from the Temperance Movement.

Direct Primary

Election in which all citizens vote to select nominees for upcoming elections.

U.S. Forest Service (and National Park Service)

Created to preserve as many forests as possible. The goal was to set aside forests which could not be cut down for enjoyment and to allow the trees in them enough time to grow. America created the first national park in the world, Yellow Stone, and Roosevelt added more national park land than any other president during his term. The National Park Service oversees America's 59 national parks.

How did industrialism [industrial capitalism] and urbanization lead to the rise of Progressivism?

Created troubling social and political problems so they wanted reforms to correct these problems and injustices. Made people tons and tons of money but also made the lives of people living through it terrible.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Expanded on the Meat Inspection Act to place the same controls on other foods and medicines. It also banned the interstate shipment and sale of impure food and mislabeling of food and drugs.

Niagara Movement

Dubois ad other similar leaders called a meeting in Niagara Falls to denounce the idea of gradual Progress. Instead they wanted blacks to be taught the same subjects as whites and to demand the vote, especially in the South.

In which area do you think government reforms had the greatest impact? Why?

Economic areas, because these laws laid ground work more our modern economy. Political areas, because voters have more of a say in their government now

W.E.B. Du Bois

Rejected Washington's view, believed that African Americans should immediately demand all the rights guaranteed to them by the Constitution.

Jane Addams' settlement house

Settlement houses were set up to help poor through a community center that provided social services to the urban poor. By private individuals not government. Hull House in Chicago, the center of the movement.

How was Progressivism similar to the earlier Populist Movement? How was it different?

Similarities -Wanted to get rid of corrupt government officials and make government more responsive to people's needs -To help people by changing society Differences -Middle class people started Progressivism (city), farmers started the Populist (rural) -Populists Party were racist

Choose one specific social problems and explain how Progressive women reformers proposed to solve that problem.

Temperance Movement Women having to many kids-birth control Suffrage- winning plan, militancy

Amendment 17

The direct election of US senators; Adopted the Populist call for the direct election of senators by voters, not state legislators, this became a law.

What was the legacy of the Progressive Era?

The federal government in more powerful and more involved,

Suffrage

The right to vote, one of the most important issues for women in the Progressive Era.

How did women of the Progressive Era make progress and win the right to vote?

They formed groups to stand up to people that didn't want them to vote. The argument was women knew about matters of the home more than mens, so they should be able to vote to make these decisions.

Hepburn Act & the Interstate Commerce Commission

To give the ICC strong enforcement powers including setting the limit for shipping cost and maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines. First federal agency, supposed to regulate railroad rates, but the Supreme Court ruled against them, stripping it of most of its powers.

Toledo Mayor Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones

Treat others and you wish to be treated, started Toledo Metro Park System, established playgrounds and free public baths, instituted 8 hour work day took away police truncheons, refused to obey blue laws (laws about decency), and reformed city government.

Were the goals and actions of the mutualistas more similar to those of the Urban League or to those of the Anti-Defamation League? Explain.

Urban League because the Defamation League is political and prejudice protection and the Urban League is more money related. Anti-Defamation League and NAACP.

Theodore Roosevelt's "Square Deal"

Was Roosevelt's attempt to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor.

What do the differing approaches of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B.Du Bois suggest about their views of American society?

Washington: African Americans had to achieve economic equality before. Thought society wasn't advanced enough to change in his lifetime, Du Bois: African Americans had to demand their social and civil rights or else become permeant victims of racism. Wanted to force America to be ready for it.

Urban League

When African Americans were moving to urban areas in large numbers, local black clubs and churches attempted to help them find work and housing. Network to help the poorer African Americans.

1902 Coal Strike

Workers in Pennsylvania coals mines were on strike for shorter hours and more pay may and Roosevelt decided to step in because the nation needed coal. He listened to the workers' demands and went to the owners of the mine. When they would not give in he threatened to nationalize the mines (gov. would own it). The owners gave in and for the first time the government stepped in to help the workers instead of the business owners.