American Horizons chapter. 12
What spiritual component of Christianity appealed to blacks?
Christianity advocated equality before God.
Mormons
Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 New York near where Finney preached with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT.
How did the southern approach to reforms benefit southerners?
Communities could control the recipients of charitable aid.
Why was Charles Finney so successful as a religious reformer?
He addressed his listeners as equals.
What was Thoreau's relationship with the natural world?
He encouraged men and women to respect nature.
Even though he considered himself an evangelical, what was unique about Emerson's approach to reform?
He wanted to reform the American mind.
David Walker
He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.
Why was William Lloyd Garrison often criticized by fellow abolitionists?
He was too radical.
Leading black activists were opposed to which of the following ideas?
deportation and colonization of freed slaves
Which of the following was a source of tension between reformers and other Americans?
determining the proper role of religion and politics
The main vehicle of expression for Emerson and Thoreau was
essays.
Which of the following groups of people were more likely to embrace the temperance movement?
evangelicals
Finney argued that people should reject sin by using
free will.
Compared to other abolitionists, what was unusual about David Walker's argument against slavery?
his historical knowledge of slavery
Millennialism
much of religious enthusiasm of the time was based on the widespread belief that the world was about to end with the second coming of Christ; preacher William Miller gained tens of thousands of followers by predicting a specific date when the second coming would occur (didn't happen-Millerites will become Seventh Day Adventists)
What principle was unique about the original teachings of the Mormons?
plural marriages
Which Calvinist doctrine was rejected by revivalists?
predestination
The first major reform movement involved the desire of reformers to
prohibit alcohol consumption.
What facilitated acceptance of Christianity among black slaves?
similarity between Christian and African beliefs
Southern women generally supported reforms that
stabilized the institution of slavery.
Arthur Tappan played instrumental roles in all of these organizations EXCEPT
the Seneca Falls Convention
What part of evangelicalism did southerners most easily accept?
the concept of Christian slavery
One reason for the rise of utopian communities in the mid-1800s was
the desire of individuals to remake society.
Following the American Revolution, American Christians
were encouraged to sever their relationship with the Church of England
American Colonization Society (ACS)
A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the women's rights movement of the mid-19th century?
A number of white upper-class women did not support gender equality in the public arena.
transcendentalism
A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.
The Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
Which was the first group to support the abolitionist movement of the 1830s and 1840s?
minority religious communities
What was the main focus of the early reform movement?
moral reforms
Although Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter was situated in the late 17th century, what contemporary theme did it explore?
morality
The area in Upstate New York renowned for its massive religious conversions during the Second Great Awakening, was known by what name?
Burned Over district
Why were many of the reforms of the Second Great Awakening disruptive to society?
Reforms often challenged previously entrenched opinions and customs.
Why were itinerant ministers more likely to challenge the authority of propertied elites?
Because they traveled, they were less likely to suffer the social repercussions of criticism.
Besides both being abolitionists, what else did David Walker and Angelina Grimkè have in common?
Both were from the South and considered "traitors."
How did changes caused by the revivals of the mid 19th century affect traditional religious beliefs?
Revivalists accepted the notion of free will.
Ann Lee founded the religious sect known as the
Shakers
What contributions did Ann Lee make to the Second Great Awakening?
She and her followers believed in gender equality.
William Lloyd Garrison
1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
In what year did Denmark Vesey attempt a slave revolt?
1822
In what year did the last American state eliminate state-sponsored religion?
1833
In what year was the "Declaration of Sentiments" issued?
1848
What percentage of blacks attended church by the end of the 1850s?
25%
Charles Grandison Finney
An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.
American Temperance Society (ATS)
An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.
A major monetary contributor to evangelical causes during the 1830s was
Arthur Tappan.
Which of the following statements best describes the experience of blacks who attended church?
Efforts by whites to control Christianity among blacks failed.
Abolitionist violence resulted in the death of
Elijah Lovejoy.
How did reform movements help to protect businesses?
Employers devised ways to regulate the morality of employees
How did the nature of newspaper publishing change in the 1830s?
Funding came from mass readership.
How did the treatment of black southern Christians change following the Second Great Awakening?
In some areas they were treated equally in matters of religion.
How did Melville's Moby Dick fit into contemporary society?
It reflected America's diversity.
What argument did Angelina Grimkè use to denounce slavery?
It would delay the millennium.
How did the U.S. government help the reform movement gain energy?
Many new legal decisions gave reformers additional rights.
What was the last state to break the connection between the state and religion?
Massachusetts
In America, where did the Second Great Awakening get its start?
New York
Which of the following organizations led the movement for immediate abolition?
Northeast Antislavery Society
Why did the women's reform movement eventually split?
Not all women agreed on the extent and nature of the reforms proposed.
Which of the following was one of the first colleges to train evangelical ministers?
Oberlin
Which of the following religions did not embrace the evangelical revivalism of the 1840s?
Presbyterians
Which of the following groups of people were most likely to belong to the Whig Party?
Protestants
Prior to the 19th century abolitionist movement, slavery was opposed by the
Quakers.
Why were British evangelicals drawn to America?
Reenergized American churches
What lesson did many white southerners take from Nat Turner's rebellion?
Southerners needed to treat their slaves better.
America's first major song writer was
Stephen Foster
Brigham Young
Successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith; responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Salt Lake City, Utah
Why was it so difficult for reformers to change the status of women's rights?
The proposed changes often challenged traditional Christian society.
What was Emerson's main criticism of evangelical reformers?
Their morality hindered their actions.
In general, which of the following best describes the Second Great Awakening?
There was an increase in denominational institutions.
What strategy did reformers use to successfully legitimize their platforms?
They connected their causes with those of European reformers.
Why did religious leaders condemn the rise of secularism?
They considered it vulgar.
Why did Protestant Christians view Mormons as a threat to society?
They embraced a theocratic hierarchy that did not adhere to democratic practices.
What did the leaders of the Second Great Awakening have in common?
They promoted social reform.
How did southern evangelicals deal with the issue of slavery?
They sought ways to accommodate slavery.
How did reformers change public opinion regarding alcohol consumption?
They used scientific data to support their arguments.
How did black Americans feel about the colonization movement?
They were adamantly opposed.
Thoreau and Emerson embraced the new American philosophy of
Transcendentalism
Which of the following was one of the biggest challenges during the reform era?
Women's role in reform movements.
The interpretation of revivalist teachings quickly evolved into _______________, especially in the north.
a desire to improve society
In his arguments regarding slavery, David Walker claimed that
all the problems in America were caused by slavery.
How did authors such as Whitman, Poe and Dickinson pioneer a distinctly American body of literature?
by incorporating Asian literary devices
Which of the following was a side product of evangelical revivalism in the mid 19th century?
concern for too much democracy in politics
The 1830s campaign against slavery gained national attention through
the establishment of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
What themes did American authors such as Hawthorne and Melville tend to write about?
universal themes
An early health reform led by Sylvester Graham promoted
vegetarianism.
In his observations of American life, Alexis de Tocqueville
was skeptical about democracy.
