Anatomy 2 Unit 6 Chapter 17

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones? -Posterior pituitary -Anterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary

During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient? -His kidneys will decrease the loss of calcium in the urine. -His blood sugar will increase. -Blood calcium levels will drop. -He will lose bone mass due to excessive bone erosion.

Blood calcium levels will drop.

Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets? -F cell -Alpha cell -Delta cell -Beta cell -C cell

C cell

The disease called ___________ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face." -Graves disease -androgenital syndrome -pheochromocytoma -Cushing syndrome -Addison disease

Cushing syndrome

Like all other hormone transport proteins, albumin is highly specific in terms of which hormone it carries through the blood. -True -False

False

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem? -Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone -Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone -Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone -Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone -Hyposecretion of calcitonin

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels? -Pancreatic polypeptide -Somatotropin -Glucagon -Somatostatin -Insulin

Insulin

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas? -Pancreatic lipase -Somatostatin -Insulin -Glucagon -Pancreatic polypeptide

Insulin

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood? -Autocrine hormone -Water-soluble hormone -Lipid-soluble hormone -Oligopeptide

Lipid-soluble hormone

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? -Melatonin -Insulin -Cortisol -Oxytocin -Melanin

Melatonin

Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex? -No exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex -Corticosteroids -Gonadocorticoids -Glucocorticoids -Mineralocorticoids

No exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone? -Mammary glands -Ovaries and testes -Hair follicles -Uterus -Thyroid follicles

Ovaries and testes

Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system? -Response time: slow reaction time = seconds to hours -Effects: causes metabolic activity changes in target cells -Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level -Duration of response: long-lasting = minutes to weeks -Communication method: hormones in the bloodstream

Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland? -Stimulate metabolism of lipids -Stimulate metabolism of proteins -Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids -Act as secondary sex hormones -Regulate glucose levels in the blood

Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

The metabolic condition called ___________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response. -insulin-independent diabetes mellitus -Type 1 diabetes -gestational diabetes -beta cell diabetes -Type 2 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids? -Zona glucosa -Zona fasciculata -Zona papillarosa -Zona glomerulosa -Zona reticularis

Zona fasciculata

In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? a: Primary plexus b: Secondary plexus c: Hypophyseal portal veins -a - b - c -c - a - b -a - c - b -c - b - a -b - a - c

a - c - b

A G protein is -a type of water-soluble hormone. -a receptor for a water-soluble hormone that causes arachidonic acid to be extracted from a phospholipid. -an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cyclic AMP. -a second messenger activated by a steroid hormone. -a molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell.

a molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell.

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause -Cushing syndrome. -pituitary dwarfism. -acromegaly. -pituitary gigantism. -Graves disease.

acromegaly.

Glucagon and insulin work _________ on blood glucose levels. -permissively -antagonistically -synergistically

antagonistically

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the -thyroid gland, and it targets cells of the parathyroid gland. -hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the posterior pituitary gland -hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the anterior pituitary gland. -anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland. -posterior pituitary, and it targets parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.

anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary -are synthesized there and are released upon signals from the anterior pituitary. -are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive. -are synthesized in the posterior pituitary and released by the anterior pituitary by way of the hypophyseal portal system. -are synthesized in the anterior pituitary and are transported to and from the posterior pituitary by the primary and secondary plexus.

are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive.

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that -activate adenylate cyclase. -activate a G protein and second-messenger cascade. -bind to DNA and initiate transcription. -open ion channels in the cell membrane.

bind to DNA and initiate transcription.

Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium, and so its secretion regulation is said to be -both hormonal and humoral. -purely hormonal. -both antagonistic and synergistic. -purely neural. -both neural and synergistic.

both hormonal and humoral.

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from -amines. -cholesterol. -nucleic acids. -glycerol. -polypeptides.

cholesterol.

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is -adrenal follicle-stimulating hormone. -vasopressin. -corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). -cortical stimulating factor (CSF). -cortisol.

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

In most of its target cells, cortisol ________ glucose uptake and _______ protein metabolism. -increases, decreases -increases, increases -decreases, decreases -decreases, increases

decreases, increases

Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably -up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate. -down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate. -up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much of the ligand. -down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much of the ligand.

down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate.

Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by -positive feedback stimulation. -humoral stimulation. -hormonal stimulation. -neural stimulation.

humoral stimulation.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the -parathyroid hormone and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. -hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary. -hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the posterior pituitary. -thymus and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. -anterior pituitary and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.

hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.

The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the -hypothalamus. -adrenal cortex. -pineal gland. -cerebral cortex. -spinal cord.

hypothalamus.

The thyroid gland is located -immediately posterior to the cricoid cartilage. -immediately anterior to the trachea. -anterior to the atria of the heart. -immediately superior to the larynx.

immediately anterior to the trachea.

Thyroid hormone's effects are to -decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells. -increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade. -increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning off the G protein, cAMP cascade. -increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells. -decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade.

increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose. -decrease, increase -decrease, decrease -increase, increase -increase, decrease

increase, increase

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to -remain unchanged. -increase. -decrease.

increase.

The pituitary gland is located _________ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the ________. -superior, thalamus -posterior, infundibulum -inferior, epithalamus -superior, pars nervosa and primary plexus -inferior, infundibulum

inferior, infundibulum

Lipophilic hormones bind to ___________ receptors of target cells. -intracellular -membrane-bound

intracellular

As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express -more receptors for sex hormones. -fewer receptors for sex hormones.

more receptors for sex hormones.

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has -more localized and short-term effects. -more widespread and short-term effects. -more localized and long-lasting effects. -more widespread and long-lasting effects.

more widespread and long-lasting effects.

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by -somatic regulation. -positive feedback. -negative feedback. -neural regulation. -endocrine dysplasia.

negative feedback.

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are -follicle-stimulating hormone and leutenizing hormone. -thyrotropin-releasing hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone. -prolactin and vasopressin. -oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. -prolactin and growth hormone.

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces -endorphins. -sodium chloride. -white blood cells. -prostaglandins. -pancreatic juice.

pancreatic juice.

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ___________ signaling. -autocrine -pheromone -allomone -paracrine

paracrine

The parathyroid glands are located -posterior to the thyroid gland. -above the kidneys. -anterior to the thyroid gland. -just below the thalamus. -within the thymus.

posterior to the thyroid gland.

The pancreas is located ________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the ________. -anterior, spleen -anterior, liver -posterior, liver -posterior, spleen

posterior, spleen

The adrenal glands are located ________ to the parietal peritoneum and each has a cortex of a ________ color. -posterior, yellow -anterior, brown -posterior, brown -anterior, yellow

posterior, yellow

Within the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathways of target cells, cAMP activates -protein kinase. -the G protein. -adenylate cyclase. -transcription of a mRNA. -the receptor.

protein kinase.

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore -steroids. -catecholamines. -proteins. -biogenic amines.

proteins.

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to -stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands. -stimulate cell growth and cell division in muscle and bone. -stimulate the development of the folds on the surface of the brain. -regulate salt and water balance by acting on the renal system. -stimulate adrenaline release from the adrenal medulla.

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone itself is -the hormone-response element. -the phospholipase. -the G protein. -the second messenger. -the first messenger.

the first messenger.

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by -adrenocorticotropic hormone. -the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. -thyrotropic hormone. -follicle-stimulating hormone. -growth hormone.

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

The half-life of a hormone is -half of the duration of the hormone's effects on its target cells throughout the body. -the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted. -half the time until the hormone molecule dissolves. -one-half of the time it takes to synthesize the chemical messenger molecule.

the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted.

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells. -tetraiodothyronine -thyroglobulin -thyroxine -colloid -triiodothyronine

thyroglobulin

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to -up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity. -up-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity. -down-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity. -down-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity.

up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.

Protein hormones are -soluble in neither water nor lipids. -soluble in both water and lipids. -lipid-soluble. -water-soluble.

water-soluble.