anatomy 337 unit 2: thorax, abdomen, pelvis

ANS or SNS: carries involuntary motor information

ANS

ANS or SNS: contains lightly myelinated and unmyelinated axons

ANS

ANS or SNS: has a slower conduction speed

ANS

ANS or SNS: has ganglia

ANS

ANS or SNS: has two lower motor neurons (2 neurons in the pathway between the spinal cord and effector)

ANS

ANS or SNS: innervates smooth and cardiac muscle

ANS

a superficial extension or the atria near the superior surface of the heart

Auricle

regarding the pancreas, T or F: The pancreas has a head near the C of the duodenum and a tail located closest to the spleen.

T

regarding the pancreas, T or F: The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions.

T

regarding the pancreas, T or F: The pancreatic duct delivers exocrine secretions from the pancreas to the small intestine.

T

Rib 5 articulates with the transverse process of which thoracic vertebrae?

T5

All of the following are true regarding the gallbladder except:

The gallbladder adds water to bile as it stores it, making it less concentrated.

Which organ receives the blood returning from the digestive tract (stomach, small and large intestine) carrying absorbed nutrients?

The liver via the hepatic portal vein

ridges of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium located in the walls of the ventricles

Trabeculae carneae

Problems caused by reduced bile secretion may include ________.

a reduced ability to digest lipids

the capillaries of the glomerulus differ from other capillary networks in the body because they

drain into an arteriole rather than a venule

each ampulla of the ductus deferens joins with an excretory duct of the seminal gland, marking the start of the

ejaculatory duct

the alveoli and capillaries are surrounded by

elastic fibers

movement of molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across digestive epithelium and eventually into the bloodstream

absorption

the unique C-shaped cartilage rings

allow the expansion of the esophagus into the posterior portions of the trachea during deglutition (swallowing)

gas exchange is performed in the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract. where?

alveoli

which structure is included in the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract

alveoli

In the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic fibers are __________ while post ganglionic fibers are _________

always lightly myelinated, always myelinated

fertilization typically occurs in the

ampulla of the uterine tube

The largest ligament of the vertebral column prevents excessive backward bending (hyperextension) and is known as the:

anterior longitudinal

which of the following correctly lists the order in which sperm would pass on the way out of the body

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, spongy urethra

The mucosa layer consists of three sub-layers called the:

epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa.

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: propels food to stomach

esophagus

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: secretes mucous in its superior portion to allow for smooth passage of the food through it

esophagus

In the pulmonary circuit, __________.

arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

elimination of undigested food and waste products from the body

excretion

regarding the myenteric nerve (neural) plexus, T or F: It contains only somatic nerve fibers.

f

regarding the myenteric nerve (neural) plexus, T or F: It is only under sympathetic control.

f

regarding the myenteric nerve (neural) plexus, T or F: It is under conscious control.

f

t or f: the urinary system receives urine from the ureters only when the urethral sphincter muscles guarding the entrances to the bladder are open

false

An intervertebral disc is an example of what type of cartilage?

fibrocartilage

regions of the uterus

funds, body, cervix

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: bile storage

gallbladder

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: concentrates bile

gallbladder

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: contracts to push bile to small intestine

gallbladder

accessory digestive organs

gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, teeth

Apron-like pouch extending inferiorly between the body wall and the anterior surface of the small intestine

greater omentum

A true rib:

has a direct attachment to the sternum

The right ventricle ________.

has thinner muscular walls than does the left ventricle

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

atlas

which vertebra lacks both a body and a spinous process?

atlas (C1)

Which of the following characteristics belong to the lumbar region?

blunt spinous process

which muscle acts on external genitalia

bulbospongiosus

the contents of the spermatic cord does not include

bulbospongiosus muscle

chemical and enzymatic breakdown of complex sugars, lipids, and proteins into small molecules that are absorbed by the digestive epithelium

chemical digestion

remove water (dehydrate) and compact undigested materials (waste) for excretion

compaction

about 85% of the nephrons are classified as __________

cortical

the respiratory system functions in:

defense, olfaction, gas conditioning, gas exchange

Which hepatic vessel supplies nutrients and other chemicals absorbed from the small intestine to the liver?

hepatic portal vein

A patient presents with pain in the center of their pelvic region, inferior to the umbilicus. In what region is their pain located?

hypogastric

The intramural ganglia of the parasympathetic division can be found __________.

in the target organ

when foods and liquids enter the digestive tract via the mouth

ingestion

the spermatic cord enters the abdominopelvic cavity through

inguinal canals

surrounded by peritoneum in development and remain so in adulthood

intraperitoneal

which of the following muscles is not involved in supporting pelvic viscera

ischiocavernosus

The areolar connective tissue found deep to the epithelial lining of the digestive tract is called the ________.

lamina propria

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: eliminates feces

large intestine

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: food residue is concentrated and temporarily stored prior to defecation

large intestine

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: primary site of water absorption

large intestine

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: propels feces towards rectum

large intestine

Which chamber of the heart can generate the greatest pressure because it can contract with the most strength?

left ventricle

suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver

lesser omentum

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: disposes of waste products

liver

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: disposes of worn-out cell components

liver

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: process the nutrients, toxins, waste materials carried by blood

liver

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: produces bile

liver

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: produces clotting factors

liver

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: produces plasma proteins

liver

One section of the vertebrae tends to carry the most weight and strain, and accordingly those vertebrae have the largest vertebral bodies. Which section of vertebrae is this?

lumbar

chewing, swirling, mixing, and churning motions that break down food in the digestive tract

mechanical digestion

which surfaces of both lungs bear grooves that mark the positions of the great vessels and the heart

mediastinal

vertical band of tissue anterior to the lumbar vertebrae and anchoring most of the small intestine

mesentery proper

Attaches the large intestine (the transverse and sigmoid colon) to the posterior abdominal wall

mesocolon

mucous membrane that includes the epithelium

mucosa

double layer of smooth muscle, with an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer

muscularis

Filtration, warming, and humidification of inhaled air occur throughout the conducting portion of the respiratory system, but the greatest changes occur within the:

nasal cavity

passive (resting) exhalation requires the use of which muscles

no muscles

Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers release which neurotransmitter at the synapse between the postganglionic neuron and the effector? Responses

norepinephrine

Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.

occipital condyles

comparing the male to female anatomy, it is evident that

only the male urethra functions in both urinary and reproductive systems

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: secretes enzymes that are active in digestion of sugars, proteins, fats

pancreas

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: secretes hormones that regulate blood glucose levels

pancreas

liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: secretes sodium bicarbonate serves to buffer the acidic gastric juice in chyme and inactivate pepsin from the stomach

pancreas

connect to the chordae tendinae and contract to help prevent the AV valves from prolapsing

papillary muscles

In the autonomic nervous system, the __________ division is considered the rest and digest division

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: ganglia locate in or near target organ

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: long preganglionic axons

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: only capable of causing a local response

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: preganglionic neurons originate in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord region

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: short postganglionic axons

parasympathetic

The _______ peritoneum is the outer layer that primarily lines the abdominopelvic cavity wall, while the _______ peritoneum is the inner layer that lines most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.

parietal, visceral

the layers of the pelvic floor from deep to superficial are

pelvic diaphragm, urogenital diaphragm, superficial perineal layer

the layers of the uterine wall from outer to inner

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

_______ is the sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along digestive tract

peristalsis

digestive tract organs

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, oral cavity

Long, unmyelinated axons leaving the ANS ganglia are called ________ fibers

postganglionic

An autonomic plexus contains _______ parasympathetic fibers and _______ sympathetic fibers.

preganglionic, postganglionic

never surrounded by peritoneum, not in development nor in adulthood

primarily retroperitoneal

type II alveolar cells

produce surfactant

movement of food through the digestive tract, including swallowing and movement of food through the digestive tract via peristalsis

propulsion

what is the function of seminal fluid

provide nutrients needed for sperm motility

the respiratory epithelium consists of which type of tissue?

pseudo stratified colunar epithelium

all pelvic floor muscles, except coccygeus are innervated by this nerve

pudendal

The ___________ sphincter regulates the passage of chyme into the small intestine.

pyloric

the function of darts and cremaster muscles is to

regulate the temperature of the testes

Put the blood flow through the cardiovascular system and heart in the correct order starting with the Right Atrium at the top.

right atrium, right AV (tricuspid) valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs for oxygenation, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left AV (bicuspid, mitral) valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, body tissues, superior vena cava/inferior vena cava/coronary sinus

A blockage in the pulmonary trunk would cause a back-up of blood and limit blood from leaving which chamber of the heart?

right ventricle

originally surrounded by peritoneum, but during development they are pushed out from the peritoneum and against the posterior body wall

secondary retroperitoneal

production and delivery substances involved in the digestion process

secretion

___________ involves localized contractions of the inner circular layer of the muscular which isolates small sections of the intestine, moving their contents back and forth while continuously subdividing, breaking up, and mixing the contents

segmentation

layer of visceral peritoneum overlying a layer of loose connective tissue

serosa

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: performs physical digestion via segmentation

small intestine

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: primary site of nutrient absorption

small intestine

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: propels food at a rate slow enough for digestion and absorption

small intestine

the majority of the uterine wall is made up of

smooth muscle

the walls of terminal bronchioles contain a significant amount of which tissue type

smooth muscle

the respiratory system does not function in

sound reception

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: absorbs some fat soluble substances (for example, alcohol, aspirin)

stomach

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: begins chemical breakdown of proteins

stomach

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: contains cells the secrete substances to counter against acid

stomach

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: mixes and churns food to form chyme

stomach

esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: secretes intrinsic factor required for vitamin b12 absorption in small intestine

stomach

the vagina is lined by

stratified squamous epithelium

located just deep to the mucosa, connecting it to the muscularis

submucosa

circular folds, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine greatly increases the __________ ________ for absorption of nutrients

surface area

In the autonomic nervous system, the __________ is considered the fight or flight division

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: capable of causing a local response or a widespread coordinated response

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: ganglia located closer to spinal cord than its effector

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: long postganglionic axons

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: short preganglionic axons

sympathetic

Blood that is transported to and from all of the tissues of the body (with the EXCEPTION of the lungs) is in the ________.

systemic circuit

regarding the myenteric nerve (neural) plexus, T or F: It is located between the internal circular and external longitudinal layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis layer of the digestive tract wall.

t

regarding the myenteric nerve (neural) plexus, T or F: Responsible for motility, especially the rhythm and force of the contractions of the muscularis

t

The most superior, U-shaped notch on the manubrium of the sternum is called:

the jugular (suprasternal) notch

statement accurate in regard to the respiratory histology

the majority of respiratory tissues are covered with a thin layer of fluid, either mucus or surfactant

the spongy urethra extends from

the membranous urethra to the external urethral office

seminal fluid is produced by

the prostate, bulbs urethral glands, and seminal glands

What is the purpose of the chordae tendineae?

to keep the atrioventricular valves from prolapsing, preventing regurgitation of blood back into the atria

what cartilage is C-shaped

tracheal cartilage

The primary function of the vertebral body is to:

transfer weight along the axis of the vertebral column

the inner mucosa of each ureter is lined by

transitional epithelium

what is the function of the ductus deferens

transport sperm to prostatic urethra

Which of the following can only be found in cervical vertebrae?

transverse foramina

t or f: the trigone is a section shaped like a funnel that channels urine into the urethra when bladder contractions occur and the internal urethral sphincter opens

true

t or f: the urinary system is lined by transitional epithelium to allow for cycles of distention and relaxation of the bladder wall

true

the detrusor muscle is a muscle made of 3 separate layers the contracts to force urine into the urethra and out of the body

true

the respiratory membrane is comprised of

two layers of simple squamous epithelium and their fused basement membrane

Anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and inferior border of the diaphragm

Falciform ligament

How many thoracic vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

12

Excluding the sacrum and coccyx, which are collections of fused vertebrae in adults, how many vertebrae are in the adult skeleton?

24

regarding the pancreas, T or F: The pancreas is intraperitoneal.

F

regarding the pancreas, T or F: The secretory units of the exocrine pancreas are called hepatocytes

F

wall of heart muscle tissue between the right and left atria

Interatrial septum

wall of heart muscle tissue between the right and left ventricles

Interventricular septum

parallel muscular ridges in the right atrium

Pectinate muscles

ANS or SNS: carries voluntary motor information

SNS

ANS or SNS: contains highly myelinated axons

SNS

ANS or SNS: has a fast conduction speed

SNS

ANS or SNS: has one lower motor neuron (1 between spinal cord and effector)

SNS

ANS or SNS: innervates skeletal muscle

SNS