anatomy 337 unit 2: thorax, abdomen, pelvis
ANS or SNS: carries involuntary motor information
ANS
ANS or SNS: contains lightly myelinated and unmyelinated axons
ANS
ANS or SNS: has a slower conduction speed
ANS
ANS or SNS: has ganglia
ANS
ANS or SNS: has two lower motor neurons (2 neurons in the pathway between the spinal cord and effector)
ANS
ANS or SNS: innervates smooth and cardiac muscle
ANS
a superficial extension or the atria near the superior surface of the heart
Auricle
regarding the pancreas, T or F: The pancreas has a head near the C of the duodenum and a tail located closest to the spleen.
T
regarding the pancreas, T or F: The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions.
T
regarding the pancreas, T or F: The pancreatic duct delivers exocrine secretions from the pancreas to the small intestine.
T
Rib 5 articulates with the transverse process of which thoracic vertebrae?
T5
All of the following are true regarding the gallbladder except:
The gallbladder adds water to bile as it stores it, making it less concentrated.
Which organ receives the blood returning from the digestive tract (stomach, small and large intestine) carrying absorbed nutrients?
The liver via the hepatic portal vein
ridges of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium located in the walls of the ventricles
Trabeculae carneae
Problems caused by reduced bile secretion may include ________.
a reduced ability to digest lipids
the capillaries of the glomerulus differ from other capillary networks in the body because they
drain into an arteriole rather than a venule
each ampulla of the ductus deferens joins with an excretory duct of the seminal gland, marking the start of the
ejaculatory duct
the alveoli and capillaries are surrounded by
elastic fibers
movement of molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across digestive epithelium and eventually into the bloodstream
absorption
the unique C-shaped cartilage rings
allow the expansion of the esophagus into the posterior portions of the trachea during deglutition (swallowing)
gas exchange is performed in the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract. where?
alveoli
which structure is included in the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract
alveoli
In the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic fibers are __________ while post ganglionic fibers are _________
always lightly myelinated, always myelinated
fertilization typically occurs in the
ampulla of the uterine tube
The largest ligament of the vertebral column prevents excessive backward bending (hyperextension) and is known as the:
anterior longitudinal
which of the following correctly lists the order in which sperm would pass on the way out of the body
epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, spongy urethra
The mucosa layer consists of three sub-layers called the:
epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa.
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: propels food to stomach
esophagus
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: secretes mucous in its superior portion to allow for smooth passage of the food through it
esophagus
In the pulmonary circuit, __________.
arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
elimination of undigested food and waste products from the body
excretion
regarding the myenteric nerve (neural) plexus, T or F: It contains only somatic nerve fibers.
f
regarding the myenteric nerve (neural) plexus, T or F: It is only under sympathetic control.
f
regarding the myenteric nerve (neural) plexus, T or F: It is under conscious control.
f
t or f: the urinary system receives urine from the ureters only when the urethral sphincter muscles guarding the entrances to the bladder are open
false
An intervertebral disc is an example of what type of cartilage?
fibrocartilage
regions of the uterus
funds, body, cervix
liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: bile storage
gallbladder
liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: concentrates bile
gallbladder
liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: contracts to push bile to small intestine
gallbladder
accessory digestive organs
gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, teeth
Apron-like pouch extending inferiorly between the body wall and the anterior surface of the small intestine
greater omentum
A true rib:
has a direct attachment to the sternum
The right ventricle ________.
has thinner muscular walls than does the left ventricle
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
atlas
which vertebra lacks both a body and a spinous process?
atlas (C1)
Which of the following characteristics belong to the lumbar region?
blunt spinous process
which muscle acts on external genitalia
bulbospongiosus
the contents of the spermatic cord does not include
bulbospongiosus muscle
chemical and enzymatic breakdown of complex sugars, lipids, and proteins into small molecules that are absorbed by the digestive epithelium
chemical digestion
remove water (dehydrate) and compact undigested materials (waste) for excretion
compaction
about 85% of the nephrons are classified as __________
cortical
the respiratory system functions in:
defense, olfaction, gas conditioning, gas exchange
Which hepatic vessel supplies nutrients and other chemicals absorbed from the small intestine to the liver?
hepatic portal vein
A patient presents with pain in the center of their pelvic region, inferior to the umbilicus. In what region is their pain located?
hypogastric
The intramural ganglia of the parasympathetic division can be found __________.
in the target organ
when foods and liquids enter the digestive tract via the mouth
ingestion
the spermatic cord enters the abdominopelvic cavity through
inguinal canals
surrounded by peritoneum in development and remain so in adulthood
intraperitoneal
which of the following muscles is not involved in supporting pelvic viscera
ischiocavernosus
The areolar connective tissue found deep to the epithelial lining of the digestive tract is called the ________.
lamina propria
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: eliminates feces
large intestine
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: food residue is concentrated and temporarily stored prior to defecation
large intestine
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: primary site of water absorption
large intestine
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: propels feces towards rectum
large intestine
Which chamber of the heart can generate the greatest pressure because it can contract with the most strength?
left ventricle
suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver
lesser omentum
liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: disposes of waste products
liver
liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: disposes of worn-out cell components
liver
liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: process the nutrients, toxins, waste materials carried by blood
liver
liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: produces bile
liver
liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: produces clotting factors
liver
liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: produces plasma proteins
liver
One section of the vertebrae tends to carry the most weight and strain, and accordingly those vertebrae have the largest vertebral bodies. Which section of vertebrae is this?
lumbar
chewing, swirling, mixing, and churning motions that break down food in the digestive tract
mechanical digestion
which surfaces of both lungs bear grooves that mark the positions of the great vessels and the heart
mediastinal
vertical band of tissue anterior to the lumbar vertebrae and anchoring most of the small intestine
mesentery proper
Attaches the large intestine (the transverse and sigmoid colon) to the posterior abdominal wall
mesocolon
mucous membrane that includes the epithelium
mucosa
double layer of smooth muscle, with an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
muscularis
Filtration, warming, and humidification of inhaled air occur throughout the conducting portion of the respiratory system, but the greatest changes occur within the:
nasal cavity
passive (resting) exhalation requires the use of which muscles
no muscles
Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers release which neurotransmitter at the synapse between the postganglionic neuron and the effector? Responses
norepinephrine
Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.
occipital condyles
comparing the male to female anatomy, it is evident that
only the male urethra functions in both urinary and reproductive systems
liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: secretes enzymes that are active in digestion of sugars, proteins, fats
pancreas
liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: secretes hormones that regulate blood glucose levels
pancreas
liver, gallbladder, or pancreas: secretes sodium bicarbonate serves to buffer the acidic gastric juice in chyme and inactivate pepsin from the stomach
pancreas
connect to the chordae tendinae and contract to help prevent the AV valves from prolapsing
papillary muscles
In the autonomic nervous system, the __________ division is considered the rest and digest division
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: ganglia locate in or near target organ
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: long preganglionic axons
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: only capable of causing a local response
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: preganglionic neurons originate in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord region
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: short postganglionic axons
parasympathetic
The _______ peritoneum is the outer layer that primarily lines the abdominopelvic cavity wall, while the _______ peritoneum is the inner layer that lines most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
parietal, visceral
the layers of the pelvic floor from deep to superficial are
pelvic diaphragm, urogenital diaphragm, superficial perineal layer
the layers of the uterine wall from outer to inner
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
_______ is the sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along digestive tract
peristalsis
digestive tract organs
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, oral cavity
Long, unmyelinated axons leaving the ANS ganglia are called ________ fibers
postganglionic
An autonomic plexus contains _______ parasympathetic fibers and _______ sympathetic fibers.
preganglionic, postganglionic
never surrounded by peritoneum, not in development nor in adulthood
primarily retroperitoneal
type II alveolar cells
produce surfactant
movement of food through the digestive tract, including swallowing and movement of food through the digestive tract via peristalsis
propulsion
what is the function of seminal fluid
provide nutrients needed for sperm motility
the respiratory epithelium consists of which type of tissue?
pseudo stratified colunar epithelium
all pelvic floor muscles, except coccygeus are innervated by this nerve
pudendal
The ___________ sphincter regulates the passage of chyme into the small intestine.
pyloric
the function of darts and cremaster muscles is to
regulate the temperature of the testes
Put the blood flow through the cardiovascular system and heart in the correct order starting with the Right Atrium at the top.
right atrium, right AV (tricuspid) valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs for oxygenation, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left AV (bicuspid, mitral) valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, body tissues, superior vena cava/inferior vena cava/coronary sinus
A blockage in the pulmonary trunk would cause a back-up of blood and limit blood from leaving which chamber of the heart?
right ventricle
originally surrounded by peritoneum, but during development they are pushed out from the peritoneum and against the posterior body wall
secondary retroperitoneal
production and delivery substances involved in the digestion process
secretion
___________ involves localized contractions of the inner circular layer of the muscular which isolates small sections of the intestine, moving their contents back and forth while continuously subdividing, breaking up, and mixing the contents
segmentation
layer of visceral peritoneum overlying a layer of loose connective tissue
serosa
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: performs physical digestion via segmentation
small intestine
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: primary site of nutrient absorption
small intestine
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: propels food at a rate slow enough for digestion and absorption
small intestine
the majority of the uterine wall is made up of
smooth muscle
the walls of terminal bronchioles contain a significant amount of which tissue type
smooth muscle
the respiratory system does not function in
sound reception
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: absorbs some fat soluble substances (for example, alcohol, aspirin)
stomach
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: begins chemical breakdown of proteins
stomach
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: contains cells the secrete substances to counter against acid
stomach
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: mixes and churns food to form chyme
stomach
esophagus, stomach, small intestine. large intestine: secretes intrinsic factor required for vitamin b12 absorption in small intestine
stomach
the vagina is lined by
stratified squamous epithelium
located just deep to the mucosa, connecting it to the muscularis
submucosa
circular folds, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine greatly increases the __________ ________ for absorption of nutrients
surface area
In the autonomic nervous system, the __________ is considered the fight or flight division
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: capable of causing a local response or a widespread coordinated response
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: ganglia located closer to spinal cord than its effector
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: long postganglionic axons
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: short preganglionic axons
sympathetic
Blood that is transported to and from all of the tissues of the body (with the EXCEPTION of the lungs) is in the ________.
systemic circuit
regarding the myenteric nerve (neural) plexus, T or F: It is located between the internal circular and external longitudinal layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis layer of the digestive tract wall.
t
regarding the myenteric nerve (neural) plexus, T or F: Responsible for motility, especially the rhythm and force of the contractions of the muscularis
t
The most superior, U-shaped notch on the manubrium of the sternum is called:
the jugular (suprasternal) notch
statement accurate in regard to the respiratory histology
the majority of respiratory tissues are covered with a thin layer of fluid, either mucus or surfactant
the spongy urethra extends from
the membranous urethra to the external urethral office
seminal fluid is produced by
the prostate, bulbs urethral glands, and seminal glands
What is the purpose of the chordae tendineae?
to keep the atrioventricular valves from prolapsing, preventing regurgitation of blood back into the atria
what cartilage is C-shaped
tracheal cartilage
The primary function of the vertebral body is to:
transfer weight along the axis of the vertebral column
the inner mucosa of each ureter is lined by
transitional epithelium
what is the function of the ductus deferens
transport sperm to prostatic urethra
Which of the following can only be found in cervical vertebrae?
transverse foramina
t or f: the trigone is a section shaped like a funnel that channels urine into the urethra when bladder contractions occur and the internal urethral sphincter opens
true
t or f: the urinary system is lined by transitional epithelium to allow for cycles of distention and relaxation of the bladder wall
true
the detrusor muscle is a muscle made of 3 separate layers the contracts to force urine into the urethra and out of the body
true
the respiratory membrane is comprised of
two layers of simple squamous epithelium and their fused basement membrane
Anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and inferior border of the diaphragm
Falciform ligament
How many thoracic vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
12
Excluding the sacrum and coccyx, which are collections of fused vertebrae in adults, how many vertebrae are in the adult skeleton?
24
regarding the pancreas, T or F: The pancreas is intraperitoneal.
F
regarding the pancreas, T or F: The secretory units of the exocrine pancreas are called hepatocytes
F
wall of heart muscle tissue between the right and left atria
Interatrial septum
wall of heart muscle tissue between the right and left ventricles
Interventricular septum
parallel muscular ridges in the right atrium
Pectinate muscles
ANS or SNS: carries voluntary motor information
SNS
ANS or SNS: contains highly myelinated axons
SNS
ANS or SNS: has a fast conduction speed
SNS
ANS or SNS: has one lower motor neuron (1 between spinal cord and effector)
SNS
ANS or SNS: innervates skeletal muscle
SNS
