Anatomy and Physiology 2: Chapter 23: Respiratory System
how many oxygen atoms would be bound to a hemoglobin molecule that is 75% saturated?
3
what is the basic cellular respiration reaction?
C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O +ATP
the respiratory membrane consists of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar type __ cell
I
which are symptoms of asthma? wheezing bronchodilation coughing shortness of breath
a c d
If the partial pressure of oxygen is 80mmHg in the alveoli, what will the partial pressure of oxygen be in arterial blood? about 160 mmHg about 80 mmHg about 40mmHg about 104mmHg
about 80 mmHg
the paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. rank the bones in order starting with the most superior
frontal ethmoid maxilla
alveoli have a unique shape, best described as:
hexagonal
the rima glottidis is the ________
opening between the vocal folds
alveolar type II cells secrete ______ ______
pulmonary surfactant
aspirated foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ____ primary bronchus
right
what are functions of the larynx?
1. passageway for air 2. prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract 3. produces sound for speech 4. assists in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity 5. participates in both a sneeze and cough reflex
You are on an alien planet. If atmospheric pressure is 1000 mmHg and oxygen is 20% of the gas in air, what is the partial pressure of oxygen? 200 mmHg 500 mmHg 250 mmHg 20 mmHg
200 mmHg
Complete each statement and then place them in the correct order, starting with blood in the alveolus. Assume normal, non-diseased, sea level conditions.
A red blood cell arrives in the alveolus where it is exposed to a P(O₂) of 104 mm Hg. Blood enters the pulmonary vein with close to 100%of the binding sites for oxygen saturated. Arriving at the arterial end of the tissue capillaries, the blood P(O₂) is 95 mm Hg. As RBCs pass through the systemic capillaries they experience oxygen unloading and increasing carbonic acid conversion. After passing through the systemic capillary, 75% of the binding sites for oxygen are now bound with oxygen. Returning to the inferior vena cava, the blood is known to have a P(CO₂) of 45 mm Hg. Passing through the pulmonary artery, the P(O₂) is approximately 40 mm Hg.
Classify the items into the correct category.
Alveolar Gas Exchange: -exchange of respiratory gases between alveoli in lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries -blood P(O2) increase from 40 to 104 mmHg -blood P(CO2) decreases from 45 to 40 mmHg Systemic Gas Exchange: -exchange of respiratory gases between issue cells and blood in systemic capillaries -blood P(O2) decreases from 95 to 40 mmHg -blood P(CO2) increases from 40 to 45 mmHg
Classify the items with the appropriate cell type.
Alveolar Type I Cells: -squamous alveolar cells -involved in the diffusion of gases Alveolar Type II Cells: -septal cells -secrete surfactant Alveolar Macrophages: -dust cells -engulf microorganisms
Because of Mr. JD's temporarily decreased lung capacity, we would observe a decrease in blood oxygen levels. However, we do not see an increase in the measured carbon dioxide content. One would expect the blood carbon dioxide level to rise with decreased lung capacity. Why would the measured carbon dioxide level not go up? The CO2 level will not change as it can escape directly through the skin. As the CO2 level rises, the action of carbonic anhydrase will convert the additional CO2 to carbonic acid. The body's metabolism will decrease during an infection, thus cause a net decrease in production. The excess CO2 is bound directly to hemoglobin.
As the CO2 level rises, the action of carbonic anhydrase will convert the additional CO2 to carbonic acid.
Classify the items based upon how they will affect the level of oxyhemoglobin.
Decreased Oxyhemoglobin Levels; -increased temperature -decreased pH -heavy exercise Increased Oxyhemoglobin Levels -decreased P(CO2) -increased P(O2)
Classify the change with the expected outcome.
Decreased Respiratory Rate and Depth: -increase in CSF pH -baroreceptor activation in visceral pleura and bronchioles -cold temperatures Increased Respiratory Rate and Depth: -increase in P(CO2) -increase in H+ in the blood -increased body movement
T/F: primary bronchi have less cartilage than tertiary bronchi
F as the diameter of the bronchi gets smaller, there is less cartilage
T/F: overuse of the voice, as comes from yelling for several hours at a concert, is the number one cause of laryngitis
F viral or bacterial infection
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Hyperventilation causes P(O2) levels to increase and P(CO2) levels to decrease in the alveoli. This increases the partial pressure gradients between the alveoli and the blood for both P(O2) and P(CO2). These changes affect the blood as follows: (1) Additional oxygen does not enter the blood despite the steeper P(O2) gradient because hemoglobin is generally 98% saturated even during quiet breathing. (2) However, additional carbon dioxide leaves the blood to enter the alveoli due to a steeper P(CO2) gradient. Low P(CO2) causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels. One result of hyperventilation is decreased oxygen delivery to the brain due to this generalized alteration in blood vessel diameter. Low P(CO2) may also result in a decrease in blood hydrogen ion concentration, if the body's buffering capacity is exceeded. This may result in respiratory alkalosis.
Classify the item with the correct effect.
Hypoventilation: -can be caused by bradypnea -can be caused by hypopnea -can be caused by obesity -O2 levels decrease and CO2 levels increase in the alveoli Hyperventilation: -can be caused by anxiety -can be caused by ascending to a high altitude -PO2 levels increase and PCO2 levels decrease in the alveoli -hypocapnia can occur
Classify the muscles of breathing with the correct category.
Quiet Breathing Muscles: -diaphragm -external intercostals Forced Inspiration Muscles: -sternocleidomastoid -scalenes -pectoralis minor -serratus posterior superior -erector spinae Forced Expiration Muscles -internal intercostals -serratus posterior inferior -abdominal muscles
Suppose the emergency room technician had simply instructed Mr. JD to 'spit' in the collection cup rather than telling him the laboratory needed a deep cough sputum sample. How could this mistake have impacted the course of Mr. JD's recovery? His chest pain prevented him from breathing deeply. The infection caused decreased blood flow into that area of the lung. Spitting in the cup would have meant the laboratory was culturing saliva. Bacterial matter occupied the hemoglobin in the red cells.
Spitting in the cup would have meant the laboratory was culturing saliva.
Why did Mr. JD experience decreased gas exchange in the area of his pneumonia? The alveolar spaces were occupied by inflammatory cells, fluid, plasma proteins and bacteria, and therefore could not be aerated. His chest pain prevented him from breathing deeply. The infection caused decreased blood flow into that area of the lung. Bacterial matter occupied the hemoglobin in the red cells.
The alveolar spaces were occupied by inflammatory cells, fluid, plasma proteins and bacteria, and therefore could not be aerated.
Why did the nurse who listened to Mr. JD's chest not hear breath sounds over the area of infection? The alveoli in this area were filled with inflammatory cells, proteins and fluid and thus no air movement took place. The nurse probably did not know what she was doing. Mr. JD's chest pain prevented him from breathing deeply. The alveoli had collapsed because of lack of surfactant.
The alveoli in this area were filled with inflammatory cells, proteins and fluid and thus no air movement took place.
How did such a large area of Mr. JD's lung become involved in the infection so quickly? The infecting bacteria used the alveolar pores to spread rapidly throughout the lobe of the lung. His history indicates a faulty immune system. Mr. JD must have had multiple episodes of infection. His seasonal allergies had probably altered his anatomy making him exceptionally vulnerable.
The infecting bacteria used the alveolar pores to spread rapidly throughout the lobe of the lung.
FIll in the blanks with the appropriate terms. Not all terms will be used.
The pressure gases in the air exert in the environment is atmospheric pressure. The value for this pressure at sea level is 760 mm Hg. The thoracic cavity contains the lungs. The collective amount of the alveoli within the lung is called the alveolar volume, and its associated pressure is the intrapulmonary pressure. The pressure exerted within the pleural cavity is called the intrapleural pressure. This pressure is always lower than intrapulmonary pressure and prior to inspiration, it is generally 756 mm Hg.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms regarding the general functions of the respiratory system.
The respiratory tract is a passageway forair between the external environment and the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. There are two gases that are exchanged during respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli while the other gas, oxygen, diffuses from the alveoli into the blood. Receptors located in the superior regions of the nasal cavity called olfactory receptors detect odors as air moves across them. The vocal cords of the larynx (voicebox) vibrate as air moves across them to produce sound. Sounds then resonate in upper respiratory structures.
What is the benefit of having ~400 million alveoli in each lung compared to only a single pulmonary sac? To increase surface area for gas diffusion To prevent lung collapse To increase elasticity for exhalation To reduce surface tension
To increase surface area for gas diffusion
match the letter with the photo
a. arytenoid cartilage b. thyroid cartilage c. epiglottis d. cricoid cartilage
match the letters with the photo
a. diaphragm b. parietal pleura c. visceral pleura
the V shaped anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage is commonly called the ______ in males
adam's apple
the small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called:
alveolar pores
Why does fresh air move into the lungs when you inhale? the contraction of the diaphragm sets up a circular flow of air tracheal muscles force air into the lungs the surface tension of alveolar fluid absorbs air, creating a vacuum atmospheric pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure
atmospheric pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure
gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations? alveoli and systemic tissues alveoli and atmosphere blood and systemic tissues blood and alveoli
c d
which are characteristics of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
change dimensions of rima glottis close larynx when swallowing attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages
a type of bronchitis results from long term exposure to irritants:
chronic
The ring shaped _____________ cartilage of the inferior portion of the larynx connects to the trachea inferiorly.
cricoid
Gas exchange occurs by the process of diffusion. ion assisted transport. active transport
diffusion
T/F: The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is lower than the partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood.
false
T/F: The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli and systemic cells normally will be the same.
false
T/F: Your intrpleural pressure will always be slightly higher than the intrapulmonary pressure.
false
the vestibular folds are also called the _____ vocal cords
false
Fill in the missing information using the terms provided.
first picture: -pressure A= pressure B; no net movement of air second picture: -area B increases in volume and decreases in pressure; air moves from area A into area B third picture: -area B decreases in volume and increases in pressure; air moves from area B into area A
The alveoli are responsible for filtering particulates from the inhaled air. gas exchange. sequestering blood during times of intense exercise. producing mucin to lubricate the airways.
gas exchange
Boyle's Law states that when your lungs expand the intrapulmonary pressure: goes down stays the same goes up
goes down
a pressure _______ exists when 2 interconnected regions have gases at different pressures
gradient
incomplete rings of ____ cartilage support the wall of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open
hyaline
Using Boyle's law, classify the changes with the appropriate figure.
increased volume decreased pressure increased pressure decreased volume
___ the tension on the vocal folds causes the vocal folds to vibrate ____ when air passes by them and produces a _____ sound
increasing more higher
as air is forced out of the lungs and moves through the _____, sound is produced
larynx
the left lung has _____ secondary bronchi since it has ____ lobes; the right lung has ____ lobes and _____ secondary bronchi
left: 2 lobes 2 lobar bronchi right: 3 lobes 3 secondary bronchi
what factors determine the characteristics of sound as they pass through the vocal folds?
length and tension of cords
what are the types of passages found in the bronchial tree?
main brochi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, and smaller bronchi
the trachea descends thought the neck into the__ from the ____ to the main bronchi
mediastinum larynx
both the growth of the thyroid cartilage and the longer and thicker vocal folds in mature ____ help explain why they typically have deeper voices than _____.
men women
Sputum is saliva and other oral secretions. mucus and related material from bronchial tree. digestive juices made by the salivary glands associated with the mouth.
mucus and related material from bronchial tree
Place the respiratory structures below in the order that air would pass through them as it moves from the outside to the inside of the body.
nasal cavity nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx larynx trachea
pulmonary surfactant coats the inner alveolar surface to reduce surface tension and ______
prevent their collapse
the right lung has ___ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ____ tertiary bronchi
right: 10 left: 8-10
a lot of air forced though the ____ ____ produces a loud sound
rima glottidis
which are found in the walls of bronchioles? large plates of cartilage small plates of cartilage rings of cartilage smooth muscle
smooth muscle
The muscles of quiet breathing are not very strong. What addition reduces the forces trying to collapse the lungs and makes it easier to inhale? surfactant cilia pleural fluid the action of the accessory muscles of breathing
surfactant
the thyroid cartilage enlarges at puberty due to the increase of:
testosterone
What two forces constantly act to make the lungs smaller (and contribute to exhaling)? Choose two! the surface tension of the pleural fluid the elastic recoil of the lungs the action of the diaphragm the surface tension of the alveolar fluid the action of the external intercostals
the elastic recoil of the lungs the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
What causes the pulmonary pressures to increase during exhalation (of quiet breathing)? equaling pressure between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural cavities air moving from the pleural cavity into the lungs the elastic recoil of the lungs causes the lungs to reduce volume contraction of the diaphragm
the elastic recoil of the lungs causes the lungs to reduce volume
which characteristics are shared among all the bronchi?
the epithelium changes from pseudostratified cliliated columnar to ciliated columnar as the bronchi get smaller the amount of cartilage decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter a complete ring of smooth muscle is found between the mucosa and the cartilage
What two forces keep the lungs inflated? Choose two! the surface tension of the serous fluid the surface tension of the alveolar fluid the relatively low intrapulmonary pressure the relatively low intrapleural pressure
the surface tension of the serous fluid the relatively low intrapleural pressure
what prevents small bronchioles from collapsing?
their small diameter
There are 15-20 C-shaped ___ cartilages that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea.
tracheal
T/F: the smallest bronchioles contain no cartilage
true