Anatomy and Physiology 2 Final Exam
Angiotensin I is formed from the plasma protein ____ by the action of the enzyme ____.
angiotensinogen; ACE
The hematocrit is roughly ____ of the total blood volume
45%
Normal venous Po2 is
46 mmHg
The total blood volume is ____ plasma
55%
Gas X makes up 10% of a gas mix, at 760 mmHg, the partial pressure of gas X would be
76 mmHg
The mean arterial pressure of a person with a blood pressure of 128/68 would be
88
What is the normal value of arterial percent hemoglobin saturation?
97%
Type AB blood has _____ RBC antigen(s)
A and B
The posterior pituitary is responsible for the synthesis of ___ hormones.
0
This figure shows a normal electrocardiogram. Atrial depolarization is occurs at point __.
1
A total count above ___ WBCs/uL is called leukocytosis
10,000
The average glomerular filtration rate is equal to
180L/day
Given the following list of organic molecules, which includes hormones? (1) nucleic acid derivatives (2) polypeptides (3) steroids (4) proteins
2,3,4
Arrange the following in order from the diencephalon downward. (1) spinal cord (2) midbrain (3) medulla (4) pons
2,4,3,1
Infrasonic frequencies below ___ Hz are not detected by the human ear, whereas ultrasonic frequencies above __ Hz are inaudible vibrations.
20; 20,000
At rest, normal oxygen unloading is
22%
Arrange the following to reflect the correct sequence an action potential would follow to reach the olfactory cortex of the brain: (1) olfactory bulb (2) olfactory cortex (3) olfactory epithelium (4) olfactory tract
3, 1, 4, 2
Arrange the following in correct sequence: 1) autonomic ganglia and ganglionic synapse 2) synapse with target tissues 3) preganglionic neuron 4) postganglionic neuron
3,1,4,2
This figure shows a normal electorocardiogram. The deflection at point(s) ___ is generated by ventricular repolarization and it is called the ____.
3; T wave
Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200mL. Your vital capacity is ____mL.
4,700
The obligatory water loss needed to excrete metabolic wastes is _____ per day.
400 mL
A measure of the distensibility of the lungs is
compliance
The ability to distend with pressure increases is called
compliance
The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is
composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers
What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemisphers?
corpus callosum
The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the
cortex
The central sulcus separates the
frontal and parietal lobes.
When you travel in an elevator, the ____ senses when the elevator is moving.
hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi
Bile is produced by
hepatocytes
Hydrostatic pressure is ____ and colloid osmotic pressure is ___ at the arterial end of a capillary.
higher, lower
Many RBCs die in the
spleen and liver
____ are responsible for photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision.
Cones
_____ has more target cells in the body than any of the others
Growth hormone (GH)
Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata? A.) It is the most superior portion of the brainstem B.) It relays sensory information C.) It contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter D.) It contains enlargements called cerebral perduncles E.) It gives rise to conscious thoughts
It contains muclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter
The most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary is
blood hydrostatic pressure
Which effector has no innervation with parasympathetic nerves?
blood vessels
What structural feature of the brain regulates the movement of materials from the blood into the brain?
blood-brain barrier
Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures?
bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
These are all analgresics (pain relievers) naturally occurring in the central nervous system EXCEPT A) bradykinins B) dynorphins C) endorphins D) enkephalins E) endogenous opiods
bradykinins
The lungs receive a systemic blood supply by way of the
bronchial arteries
In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
bronchiole diameter
What muscle forms the cheeks?
buccinator muscle
What ion is necessary for the coagulation process?
calcium
Since veins can distend more with pressure, they are called ___vessels.
capacitance
The combination of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide is
carbaminohemoglobin
The enzyme ____ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water
carbonic anhydrase
Which of the following zymogens is activated by trypsin in the small instestine?
carboxypeptidase
The product of the stroke volume times the heart rate is known as the
cardiac output
The cerebellum is ___ to the cerebrum.
caudal
Which of the following is NOT a section of the small intestine
cecum
The cerebellum communicates with other parts of the CNS by means of nerve tracts called the
cerebellar peduncles
Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related to a lesion in the
cerebellum.
Changes in cerebralspinal fluid pH are detected by
chemoreceptors
Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the ____ cells were destroyed.
chief or zymogenic
Bile salts are derivatives of
cholesterol
The first heart sound is most directly related to
closing of the AV valves
Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?
cochlear hair cells
Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron?
collecting duct
What is the main force that causes fluids to enter the venous end of a capillary?
colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary (blood plasma)
Tracts of white matter that connect the right and left hemispheres are composed of
commissural fibers
Pinkeye is an acute inflammation of the
conjunctiva
Through renal autoregulation, an increase in blood pressure will cause the afferent arterioles to ___ and therefore the GFR will ____.
constrict, not change
Mature erythrocytes
contain hemoglobin in their cytoplasm
The optic disc
contains no photoreceptor cells
What role does oxytocin play in lactation?
ejection of milk
What provides intrinsic regulation of the GI tract?
enteric nerve system
Even a small quantity of hormone can have a strong effect on its target cell because of
enzyme amplification
What structure keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing?
epiglottis
Sympathetc stimulation of the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla causes the release of
epinephrine and norepinephrine
The viscosity of blood is due more to ____ than to any other factor.
erythrocytes
___ enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes.
estrogen
Hypotension could be induced by
excessive atrial natriuretic factor secretion
When acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors, the response is
excitatory
Palpebrae is another name for the
eyelids.
Damage to which of the following cranial nerves may impair the sense of taste? A) accessory B) abducens C)trigeminal D) hypoglossal E) facial
facial
Motor control of the face is the function of the ___ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the _____ nerve.
facial, trigeminal
In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. Varicose veins are caused by
failure of the venous valves
Serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of ____
fibrinogen
The plasma component that forms fibrin, the insoluble protein, in a blood clot is
fibrinogen
The greatest visual activity is the
fovea centralis
Pain, heat, and cold are detected by
free nerve endings
Which of the following is NOT a function of the conducting zone?
gas exchange
What type of cells form the third filtration barrier?
glomerulocytes
What structure is an arteriole capillary bed- drained by an arteriole instead of a venule?
glomerulus
Many hours after a meal, alpha cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete
glucagon, which raises blood glucose
Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by ___ of the respiratory tract.
goblet cells
Absence of iodine in the diet leads to
goiter
Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in some loss of
hearing and balance
This figure shows a normal electrocardiogram. Two or more consecutive waves at point "1" might suggest
heart block
Most oxygen is transported bound to
heme groups in hemeglobin
The cessation of bleeding is specifically called
hemostatis
The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ___ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen.
hydrogen
All these can lead to edema EXCEPT
hyperprteinemia
Edema would be induced by all of the following EXCEPT
hyperthyroidism
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the following except
hypoglycemia
An individual who has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures may have a dysfunction of the
hypothalamus
What part of the brain is in overall control of the ANS?
hypothalamus
_____ shock can be produced by the hemorrhage, severe burns, or dehydration.
hypovolemic
Atrial systole begins
immediately after the P wave.
A decrease in total peripheral resistance would cause blood flow to
increase
Releasing hormones
increase anterior pituitary secretion
Quiet inspiration will ____thoracic and lung volume and _____ intrapulmonary pressure.
increase, decrease
The medullary ischemic reflex results in
increased circulation to the brain
An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except
increased hypoxemia
Which of the following changes would occur during exercise?
increased oxygen extraction by muscles
Vasodilation is induced by all of the following EXCEPT
increased vasoconstriction of coronary arteries
______ increase(s) stroke volume
increased venous return
Intrapleural pressure _____ during expiration
increases
The tubular filtrate osmolarity ______ as it flows through the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
increases
During moderate exercise cerebral blood flow
increases slightly
____ is NOT a steroid hormone
insulin
When acetylcholine binds to autonomic muscarinic receptors,
intestinal motility increases
During inspiration,
intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
________ is required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12?
intrinsic factor
The portion of the kidney that is composed of cone-shaped renal pyramids is called the
medulla
The vasomotor center of the _____ controls blood vessels throughout the body
medulla oblongata
A patient is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebralspinal fluid (CSF). This individual most likely has
meningitis
When the left ventricle contracts, the ___ valve closes and the ___ valve is pushed open.
mitral; aortic
Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?
mucosa
Cardiogenic shock can result from
myocardial infarction
The ____ performs the work of the heart.
myocardium
Vascular smooth muscle can directly respond to changes in pressure. This type of control is called
myogenic
Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via
negative feedback inhibition
The ____ is a functional unit of the kidney
nephron
The differential count of ____ typically increases in response to bacterial infections.
neutrophils
The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have
nicotinic receptors
Which has the highest concentration in the air to breathe?
nitrogen
In the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called
nuclei
Diuretics
often act on the distal convoluted tubule
Receptors for most water-soluble hormones are located
on the plasma membrane of their target cells
Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from proximal to distal?
oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) secretes
oxytocin (OT)
The ____________ division of the ANS functions mainly under ordinary, restful conditions.
parasympathetic
The abdominal cavity is lined with
parietal peritoneum
The ____ helps hold a tooth in its socket.
peridontal ligament
Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called?
peristalis
The efferent arteriole delivers blood to the
pertibular capillaries
When a clot is no longer needed, fibrin dissolved by
plasmin
A ______ has the following pattern of circulation: Capillaries -->veins-->capillaries-->veins
portal system
Which of the following neurons is most likely to be adrenergic? A) preganglionic parasympathetic B) postganglionic sympathetic C) preganglionic sympathetic D) postganglionic parasympathetic E) postganglionc somatic motor
postganglionic sympathetic
Beta-blockers (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) are frequently used to
prevent increases in heart rate
Up-regulation
produces an increase in the sensitivity of the target cell to the hormone.
The majority of reabsorption occurs in the
proximal convoluted tubule
Mitral valve prolapses causes blood to leak back into the _____ when the ventricles contract
pulmonary arteries
Where does the reverse chloride shift occur?
pulmonary capillaries
Pressure in the right ventricle muse exceed pressure in the ___ before the right ventricle can eject blood.
pulmonary trunk
The nervous system reacts to stimuli ____compared to the endocrine system, adapts ____ compared to the endocrine system, and has ___effects compared to the endocrine system.
quickly; quickly; specific
The return of molecules from the tubules to the blood is called as
reabsorption
The component of the autonomic reflex arc that detects a change in stimulus is the
receptor
The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a(n)
receptor potential
Myeloid hemopoiesis in adults happens in the
red bone marrow
The hypothalamus
regulates the secretory activity of the pituitary gland
Endocrine gland(s)
release their secretions into the blood.
The ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR despite fluctuating blood pressures is called
renal autoregulation
The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expriation is the
residual volume
The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the
reticular formation
Which of the following cell types is an immature red blood cell?
reticulocyte
Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be
retroperitoneal
During isovolumetric contraction, the pressure in the ventricles
rises rapidly
Which of the following is (are) associated with the retina? A) lens B) pupil C) suspensory ligaments D) rods and cones E) ciliary muscle
rods and cones
Long folds of the stomach's inner surface are called
rugae
Glaucoma is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the ____ is obstructed so the ____ is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted.
scleral venous sinus; aqueous humor
The mixing movement of the small intestine is called
segmentation
When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your
semicircular ducts
_____ shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability.
septic
Place the tunics of the GI tract wall in the correct order from superficial to deep.
serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
Platelets release ____, a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm.
serotonin
The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by
short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate
The ____ is the pacemaker that initiates each heart beat
sinoatrial (SA) node
This is the correct path of an electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiocyte in the left ventricle (LV)
sinoatrial (SA) node---> atrioventricular (AV) node --> atrioventricular (AV) bundle--> purkinje fibers --> cardiocyte in LV
Which of the special senses contains receptor neurons that are the only nerve cells in direct contact with the outside environment?
smell
Vasomotion is associated with the presence of
smooth muscle in the tunica media
Due to the action of aldosterone, water is reabsorbed because
sodium is reabsorbed into pertubular blood
Members of which group of hormones are made from cholesterol?
steroids
Cardiac output is equal to
stroke volume x cardiac rate
An inflammation of one of the ciliary glands of the eyelashes is called a
sty.
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the
subarachnoid space
Which tunic of the GI tract is vascular and has many nerves and glands?
submucosa
Degeneration of neurons in this structure, which inhibits unwanted body movements, leads to the muscle tremors of Parkinson disease.
substantia nigra
A bird hits the windshield of your car, and you reflexively duck and close your eyes. Which of the following is responsible for this action? A) reticular formation B)superior colliculi C) thalamus D) medulla E) cerebellum
superior colliculi
What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli?
surfactant
Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the _____ division of the ANS.
sympathetic
The ____________ division of the ANS functions mainly to prepare the body for energy-expanding, stressful situations.
sympathetic
John sees Martha; the pupils of his eyes dilate. It is "love at first sight." What division(s) of the ANS is (are) involved?
sympathetic division
The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body is accomplished through ____ circulation.
systemic
Contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ventricular
systole
The primary olfactory cortex is located in the
temporal lobe
Parasympathetic ganglia are called ____ ganglia.
terminal
Most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the
thalamus
Afterload is
the arterial pressure that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood.
Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity?
the auditory (eustachian) tube
The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute is called
the cardiac output
The most superficial meningeal layer is
the dura mater
The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to
the end-diastolic volume.
If cerebrospinal fluid does not drain properly,
the excess fluid exerts pressure on the brain
Planning, motivation, and social judgment are functions of the brain associated with
the frontal lobe.
In response to alkalosis
the kidney excretes bicaronate
Plasma is ____ while formed elements are ___
the liquid portion of blood; the cells
The right and left cerebral hemispheres are separated from each other by
the longitudinal fissure
Pericardial fluid is found between
the parietal and visceral membranes
You can smell the fragrance of your deodorant when you just put it on, but after a little while the smell fades. What explains this phenomenon?
the phasic nature of the sense of smell
People with diabetes mellitus have glycosuria because
the plasma glucose concentration is greater than the maximum transport
The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in
the postcentral gyrus
What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?
the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone
The occipital lobe is
the principal visual center of the brain.
Each alveolus is surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by
the pulmonary artery
The tricuspid valve regulates the opening between
the right atrium and right ventricle
The Roman numerals assigned to each cranial nerve reflect
the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain.
The cerebral gyri increase
the surface area of the cortex.
Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This exemplifies
the synergistic effect
The cerebral aqueduct connects
the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle
This figure shows the events of the cardiac cycle. What does 9 represent?
the ventricles are at end-systolic volume
The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic impulses to the
thoracic and abdominal viscera
Most strokes and heart attacks are caused by the abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel. Moreover, a piece of the ____ (clot) may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream as an) _____
thrombus, embolus
The ___ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.
thyroid gland
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when
thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary
The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the
tidal volume
The blood brain barrier (BBB) consists of
tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls.
The malleus, incus, and stapes
transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window.
Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes
two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors
Damage to which of the following nerves would reduce GI secretions?
vagus nerve
Which nerve has branches that extend the the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
vagus nerve
The nervous system and certain chemicals can cause the constriction of a blood vessel. This is known as
vascular spasm
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors like captopril block the formation of angiotensin II, thus reducing
vasoconstriction
Increased sympathetic neuron activity will cause
vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
Which blood vessels have the lowest pressure?
veins
____ carry oxygen-poor blood
venae cavae and pulmonary arteries
____ has the most important effect on blood velocity
vessel radius
A deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear after his gun exploded when he tried firing it. His hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve?
vestibulocochlear
A deficiency of ____ can cause pernicious anemia
vitamin B12
Which type of taste has the lowest threshold?
bitter
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to ____ oxygen molecules
4
Normal arterial Po2 is
100 mmHg
Chewing of food is
mastication
What structures carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
ureters
A woman's first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), or erythroblastosis fetalis. The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type ___ and both children are most likely ______
A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive
Type A blood cdan safely donate RBCs to ____ and can receive RBCs of type ____
AB; O
During isovolumetric contraction period of the cardiac cycle,
AV and semilunar valves are closed
An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has ____ antigen(s) and can produce anti-____ antibody(ies)
B and D; A
Assume that the left ventricle of a child's heart has an EDV=90mL, and ESV=60mL, and a cardiac output of 2,400mL/min. His SV and HR are
SV= 30 mL/beat; HR=80 bpm
_____ is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus.
Smell
This figure shows the events of the cardiac cycle. At 0.2 sec in the graph _____.
The AV valve is open
Which of the following statements is true? A) one division of the ANS is always stimulatory and the other is always inhibitory B) increased parasympathetic activity is consistent with increased physical activity C) there is dual innervation of all organs D) the sympathetic division diverges more than the parasympathetic division E) structures receiving both dual autonomic innervation are regulated equally by both divisions
The sympathetic division diverges more than the parasympathetic division
_____ is nonsalt molecule that contributes to the hypertonicity of the interstitial fluid of the renal tubules.
Urea
_____ by the capillaries at their venous end
Waste products are taken up
The structural framework of the blood clot is formed by
a fibrin polymer
Lesions of the basal nuclei could cause
a slight shaking of the hands and head
This figure shows the events of the cardiac cycle. What does "4" represent?
aortic valve opening
Ventricular contraction begins at the
apex of the heart
Which of the following cranial nerves innervates an eye muscle? A) trigeminal B) optic C) abducens D) vagus E) facial
abducens
The movement of digested food into the blood or lymph is
absorption
When you view objects close to the eye, the eye makes an adjustment called
accommodation
Growth hormone hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause ___ when it begins in adulthood
acromegaly
What is the function of enterkinase secreted by the brush border?
activates the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin
The ____ secrete(s) ____, which promotes Na+ and water retention
adrenal cortex; aldosterone
Sympathetic agents activate
adrenergic receptors
Injury to the thalamus would
affect sensory projection to the cerebral cortex
____ is the most abundant protein in plasma
albumin
What commonly ingested substances are absorbed through the stomach wall?
alcohol and aspirin
_____ is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which stimulates kidney salt reabsorption in the kidneys.
aldosterone
Arterial blood pressure is influenced by
all apply
Which of the following is a barrier to acid and pepsin damage in the stomach?
all of the above
Antidiuretic hormone
all of the choices are correct
Hormonal secretion can be regulated by
all of these choices are correct
The actions of the kidney include regulation of
all the choices are correct
A predominance of ___ waves in an electroencephlogram (EEG) might indicate that a person is physically and mentallty relaxedd.
alpha
The two classes of adrenergic receptors are
alpha and beta
Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting zone?
alveoli
Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?
an increase in membrane thickness
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the
anterior pituitary (adrenhypophysis).
The main reason why an individual AB, Rh-negative cannot donate blood to an individual A, Rh-positive is because
anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor
Diabetes insipidus is caused by
antidiretic hormone hyposecretion
Neurohypohyseal secretion of _____ stimulates formation of concentrated urine.
antidiuretic hormone
As soon as left ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure of the aorta, the
aortic semilunar valve opens
Carbon monoxide is lethal because it
binds hemoglobin preventing oxygen binding.
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ___ and is reabsorbed by the ____.
arachnoid granulation, choroid plexus
The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching network known as the
arbor vitae
The abducens nerves
are involved in eye movement
The ____ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water
ascending
What type of white fibers connect areas of the cerebral cortex in the same hemisphere?
associated fibers
Expanded blood volume stimulates stretch receptors in the atria of the heart causing increased secretion of
atrial natriuretic peptide
Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following the pathway:
auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, cochlear duct, spiral organ, fibers of cochlear nerve
The dicrotic notch in the aortic pressure curve is due to the
backflow of blood toward the ventricles
The substantia nigra interconnects with the
basal nuclei
The concentration of renal filtrate is highest in the
base of the loop of Henle
A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause the
basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end
Each upward movement of the _______ causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening ___ gates.
basilar membrane; K^+
Which of the following is an agranulocyte?
basophil
Which of the following drugs would be the best choice to use in chronic asthma to dilate the bronchioles? A) ganglionic blocking agents B) a muscrinic agent C) a nicotinic agent D) alpha-adrenergic blocking agents E) beta-adrenergic stimulating agents
beta-adrenergic stimulating agents
Acid chyme is buffered by _______ secreted from the pancreas
bicarbonate
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as
bicarbonate ion
Which of the following is NOT associated with the cerebrum? A.) controlling the autonomic nervous system B) writing poetry C) making moral judgments D) interpreting smell and taste E) initiating voluntary movements
controlling the autonomic nervous system
The transparent anterior portion of the sclera is the
cornea.
Glomerular filtration would be decreased by
decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
decreased pH, increased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG
The fact the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the
decussation of the pyramids in the medulla
The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and not bonded to oxygen is
deoxyhemoglobin
What event(s) occur during the QRS complex of an ECG?
depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria
The ____ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to salt.
descending
The ___ separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities
diaphragm
Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?
digestion of most foods
Where is the enteric nervous system located?
digestive tract
Hypotenstion would induce ____ of afferent arterioles.
dilation
The last Korotkoff sound occurs when the blood pressure is equal to
disastolic pressure
In some forms of diabetes, an insensitivity to insulin seems to be present. This insensitivity could be the result of
down-regulation
From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in this order:
dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
The reticular formation
is composed of nuclei scattered throughout the brain stem
Blood does not enter or leave the ventricles during the period called
isovolumetric contraction
The ____ nephrons play an important role in producing concentrated urine
juxtamedullary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the
kidneys
There is no mixing of blood layers or sounds from vessels during ___ flow.
laminar
A decrease in temperature will shift oxygen dissociation curve to the
left
The chamber of the heart that endures the highest pressure is the
left ventricle
The only formed elements that possess a nucleus when mature are the
leukocytes
Most clotting factors are synthesized in the
liver
Which of the following is NOT part of the gastrointestinal tract?
liver
Quiet expiration is caused by
lung recoil and increased intrapulmonary pressure
Angiotensin-converting enzyme is most likely present in the capillaries of the
lungs
The sensor in tubuloglomerular feedback is a group of cells called the
macula densa
The renal pelvis receives urine from the
major calyces
Which auditory ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?
malleus
Which of the following motility processes is NOT correctly matched to its description?
masitcation- removal of wastes
Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine?
mastication of food