Anatomy and Physiology 2 Final Exam

Angiotensin I is formed from the plasma protein ____ by the action of the enzyme ____.

angiotensinogen; ACE

The hematocrit is roughly ____ of the total blood volume

45%

Normal venous Po2 is

46 mmHg

The total blood volume is ____ plasma

55%

Gas X makes up 10% of a gas mix, at 760 mmHg, the partial pressure of gas X would be

76 mmHg

The mean arterial pressure of a person with a blood pressure of 128/68 would be

88

What is the normal value of arterial percent hemoglobin saturation?

97%

Type AB blood has _____ RBC antigen(s)

A and B

The posterior pituitary is responsible for the synthesis of ___ hormones.

0

This figure shows a normal electrocardiogram. Atrial depolarization is occurs at point __.

1

A total count above ___ WBCs/uL is called leukocytosis

10,000

The average glomerular filtration rate is equal to

180L/day

Given the following list of organic molecules, which includes hormones? (1) nucleic acid derivatives (2) polypeptides (3) steroids (4) proteins

2,3,4

Arrange the following in order from the diencephalon downward. (1) spinal cord (2) midbrain (3) medulla (4) pons

2,4,3,1

Infrasonic frequencies below ___ Hz are not detected by the human ear, whereas ultrasonic frequencies above __ Hz are inaudible vibrations.

20; 20,000

At rest, normal oxygen unloading is

22%

Arrange the following to reflect the correct sequence an action potential would follow to reach the olfactory cortex of the brain: (1) olfactory bulb (2) olfactory cortex (3) olfactory epithelium (4) olfactory tract

3, 1, 4, 2

Arrange the following in correct sequence: 1) autonomic ganglia and ganglionic synapse 2) synapse with target tissues 3) preganglionic neuron 4) postganglionic neuron

3,1,4,2

This figure shows a normal electorocardiogram. The deflection at point(s) ___ is generated by ventricular repolarization and it is called the ____.

3; T wave

Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200mL. Your vital capacity is ____mL.

4,700

The obligatory water loss needed to excrete metabolic wastes is _____ per day.

400 mL

A measure of the distensibility of the lungs is

compliance

The ability to distend with pressure increases is called

compliance

The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is

composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers

What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemisphers?

corpus callosum

The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the

cortex

The central sulcus separates the

frontal and parietal lobes.

When you travel in an elevator, the ____ senses when the elevator is moving.

hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi

Bile is produced by

hepatocytes

Hydrostatic pressure is ____ and colloid osmotic pressure is ___ at the arterial end of a capillary.

higher, lower

Many RBCs die in the

spleen and liver

____ are responsible for photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision.

Cones

_____ has more target cells in the body than any of the others

Growth hormone (GH)

Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata? A.) It is the most superior portion of the brainstem B.) It relays sensory information C.) It contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter D.) It contains enlargements called cerebral perduncles E.) It gives rise to conscious thoughts

It contains muclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter

The most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary is

blood hydrostatic pressure

Which effector has no innervation with parasympathetic nerves?

blood vessels

What structural feature of the brain regulates the movement of materials from the blood into the brain?

blood-brain barrier

Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures?

bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

These are all analgresics (pain relievers) naturally occurring in the central nervous system EXCEPT A) bradykinins B) dynorphins C) endorphins D) enkephalins E) endogenous opiods

bradykinins

The lungs receive a systemic blood supply by way of the

bronchial arteries

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?

bronchiole diameter

What muscle forms the cheeks?

buccinator muscle

What ion is necessary for the coagulation process?

calcium

Since veins can distend more with pressure, they are called ___vessels.

capacitance

The combination of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide is

carbaminohemoglobin

The enzyme ____ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water

carbonic anhydrase

Which of the following zymogens is activated by trypsin in the small instestine?

carboxypeptidase

The product of the stroke volume times the heart rate is known as the

cardiac output

The cerebellum is ___ to the cerebrum.

caudal

Which of the following is NOT a section of the small intestine

cecum

The cerebellum communicates with other parts of the CNS by means of nerve tracts called the

cerebellar peduncles

Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related to a lesion in the

cerebellum.

Changes in cerebralspinal fluid pH are detected by

chemoreceptors

Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the ____ cells were destroyed.

chief or zymogenic

Bile salts are derivatives of

cholesterol

The first heart sound is most directly related to

closing of the AV valves

Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?

cochlear hair cells

Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron?

collecting duct

What is the main force that causes fluids to enter the venous end of a capillary?

colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary (blood plasma)

Tracts of white matter that connect the right and left hemispheres are composed of

commissural fibers

Pinkeye is an acute inflammation of the

conjunctiva

Through renal autoregulation, an increase in blood pressure will cause the afferent arterioles to ___ and therefore the GFR will ____.

constrict, not change

Mature erythrocytes

contain hemoglobin in their cytoplasm

The optic disc

contains no photoreceptor cells

What role does oxytocin play in lactation?

ejection of milk

What provides intrinsic regulation of the GI tract?

enteric nerve system

Even a small quantity of hormone can have a strong effect on its target cell because of

enzyme amplification

What structure keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing?

epiglottis

Sympathetc stimulation of the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla causes the release of

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The viscosity of blood is due more to ____ than to any other factor.

erythrocytes

___ enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes.

estrogen

Hypotension could be induced by

excessive atrial natriuretic factor secretion

When acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors, the response is

excitatory

Palpebrae is another name for the

eyelids.

Damage to which of the following cranial nerves may impair the sense of taste? A) accessory B) abducens C)trigeminal D) hypoglossal E) facial

facial

Motor control of the face is the function of the ___ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the _____ nerve.

facial, trigeminal

In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. Varicose veins are caused by

failure of the venous valves

Serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of ____

fibrinogen

The plasma component that forms fibrin, the insoluble protein, in a blood clot is

fibrinogen

The greatest visual activity is the

fovea centralis

Pain, heat, and cold are detected by

free nerve endings

Which of the following is NOT a function of the conducting zone?

gas exchange

What type of cells form the third filtration barrier?

glomerulocytes

What structure is an arteriole capillary bed- drained by an arteriole instead of a venule?

glomerulus

Many hours after a meal, alpha cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete

glucagon, which raises blood glucose

Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by ___ of the respiratory tract.

goblet cells

Absence of iodine in the diet leads to

goiter

Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in some loss of

hearing and balance

This figure shows a normal electrocardiogram. Two or more consecutive waves at point "1" might suggest

heart block

Most oxygen is transported bound to

heme groups in hemeglobin

The cessation of bleeding is specifically called

hemostatis

The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ___ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen.

hydrogen

All these can lead to edema EXCEPT

hyperprteinemia

Edema would be induced by all of the following EXCEPT

hyperthyroidism

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the following except

hypoglycemia

An individual who has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures may have a dysfunction of the

hypothalamus

What part of the brain is in overall control of the ANS?

hypothalamus

_____ shock can be produced by the hemorrhage, severe burns, or dehydration.

hypovolemic

Atrial systole begins

immediately after the P wave.

A decrease in total peripheral resistance would cause blood flow to

increase

Releasing hormones

increase anterior pituitary secretion

Quiet inspiration will ____thoracic and lung volume and _____ intrapulmonary pressure.

increase, decrease

The medullary ischemic reflex results in

increased circulation to the brain

An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except

increased hypoxemia

Which of the following changes would occur during exercise?

increased oxygen extraction by muscles

Vasodilation is induced by all of the following EXCEPT

increased vasoconstriction of coronary arteries

______ increase(s) stroke volume

increased venous return

Intrapleural pressure _____ during expiration

increases

The tubular filtrate osmolarity ______ as it flows through the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

increases

During moderate exercise cerebral blood flow

increases slightly

____ is NOT a steroid hormone

insulin

When acetylcholine binds to autonomic muscarinic receptors,

intestinal motility increases

During inspiration,

intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

________ is required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12?

intrinsic factor

The portion of the kidney that is composed of cone-shaped renal pyramids is called the

medulla

The vasomotor center of the _____ controls blood vessels throughout the body

medulla oblongata

A patient is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebralspinal fluid (CSF). This individual most likely has

meningitis

When the left ventricle contracts, the ___ valve closes and the ___ valve is pushed open.

mitral; aortic

Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?

mucosa

Cardiogenic shock can result from

myocardial infarction

The ____ performs the work of the heart.

myocardium

Vascular smooth muscle can directly respond to changes in pressure. This type of control is called

myogenic

Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via

negative feedback inhibition

The ____ is a functional unit of the kidney

nephron

The differential count of ____ typically increases in response to bacterial infections.

neutrophils

The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have

nicotinic receptors

Which has the highest concentration in the air to breathe?

nitrogen

In the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called

nuclei

Diuretics

often act on the distal convoluted tubule

Receptors for most water-soluble hormones are located

on the plasma membrane of their target cells

Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from proximal to distal?

oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) secretes

oxytocin (OT)

The ____________ division of the ANS functions mainly under ordinary, restful conditions.

parasympathetic

The abdominal cavity is lined with

parietal peritoneum

The ____ helps hold a tooth in its socket.

peridontal ligament

Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called?

peristalis

The efferent arteriole delivers blood to the

pertibular capillaries

When a clot is no longer needed, fibrin dissolved by

plasmin

A ______ has the following pattern of circulation: Capillaries -->veins-->capillaries-->veins

portal system

Which of the following neurons is most likely to be adrenergic? A) preganglionic parasympathetic B) postganglionic sympathetic C) preganglionic sympathetic D) postganglionic parasympathetic E) postganglionc somatic motor

postganglionic sympathetic

Beta-blockers (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) are frequently used to

prevent increases in heart rate

Up-regulation

produces an increase in the sensitivity of the target cell to the hormone.

The majority of reabsorption occurs in the

proximal convoluted tubule

Mitral valve prolapses causes blood to leak back into the _____ when the ventricles contract

pulmonary arteries

Where does the reverse chloride shift occur?

pulmonary capillaries

Pressure in the right ventricle muse exceed pressure in the ___ before the right ventricle can eject blood.

pulmonary trunk

The nervous system reacts to stimuli ____compared to the endocrine system, adapts ____ compared to the endocrine system, and has ___effects compared to the endocrine system.

quickly; quickly; specific

The return of molecules from the tubules to the blood is called as

reabsorption

The component of the autonomic reflex arc that detects a change in stimulus is the

receptor

The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a(n)

receptor potential

Myeloid hemopoiesis in adults happens in the

red bone marrow

The hypothalamus

regulates the secretory activity of the pituitary gland

Endocrine gland(s)

release their secretions into the blood.

The ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR despite fluctuating blood pressures is called

renal autoregulation

The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expriation is the

residual volume

The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the

reticular formation

Which of the following cell types is an immature red blood cell?

reticulocyte

Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be

retroperitoneal

During isovolumetric contraction, the pressure in the ventricles

rises rapidly

Which of the following is (are) associated with the retina? A) lens B) pupil C) suspensory ligaments D) rods and cones E) ciliary muscle

rods and cones

Long folds of the stomach's inner surface are called

rugae

Glaucoma is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the ____ is obstructed so the ____ is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted.

scleral venous sinus; aqueous humor

The mixing movement of the small intestine is called

segmentation

When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your

semicircular ducts

_____ shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability.

septic

Place the tunics of the GI tract wall in the correct order from superficial to deep.

serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

Platelets release ____, a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm.

serotonin

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by

short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate

The ____ is the pacemaker that initiates each heart beat

sinoatrial (SA) node

This is the correct path of an electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiocyte in the left ventricle (LV)

sinoatrial (SA) node---> atrioventricular (AV) node --> atrioventricular (AV) bundle--> purkinje fibers --> cardiocyte in LV

Which of the special senses contains receptor neurons that are the only nerve cells in direct contact with the outside environment?

smell

Vasomotion is associated with the presence of

smooth muscle in the tunica media

Due to the action of aldosterone, water is reabsorbed because

sodium is reabsorbed into pertubular blood

Members of which group of hormones are made from cholesterol?

steroids

Cardiac output is equal to

stroke volume x cardiac rate

An inflammation of one of the ciliary glands of the eyelashes is called a

sty.

Cerebrospinal fluid fills the

subarachnoid space

Which tunic of the GI tract is vascular and has many nerves and glands?

submucosa

Degeneration of neurons in this structure, which inhibits unwanted body movements, leads to the muscle tremors of Parkinson disease.

substantia nigra

A bird hits the windshield of your car, and you reflexively duck and close your eyes. Which of the following is responsible for this action? A) reticular formation B)superior colliculi C) thalamus D) medulla E) cerebellum

superior colliculi

What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli?

surfactant

Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the _____ division of the ANS.

sympathetic

The ____________ division of the ANS functions mainly to prepare the body for energy-expanding, stressful situations.

sympathetic

John sees Martha; the pupils of his eyes dilate. It is "love at first sight." What division(s) of the ANS is (are) involved?

sympathetic division

The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body is accomplished through ____ circulation.

systemic

Contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ventricular

systole

The primary olfactory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe

Parasympathetic ganglia are called ____ ganglia.

terminal

Most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the

thalamus

Afterload is

the arterial pressure that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood.

Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity?

the auditory (eustachian) tube

The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute is called

the cardiac output

The most superficial meningeal layer is

the dura mater

The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to

the end-diastolic volume.

If cerebrospinal fluid does not drain properly,

the excess fluid exerts pressure on the brain

Planning, motivation, and social judgment are functions of the brain associated with

the frontal lobe.

In response to alkalosis

the kidney excretes bicaronate

Plasma is ____ while formed elements are ___

the liquid portion of blood; the cells

The right and left cerebral hemispheres are separated from each other by

the longitudinal fissure

Pericardial fluid is found between

the parietal and visceral membranes

You can smell the fragrance of your deodorant when you just put it on, but after a little while the smell fades. What explains this phenomenon?

the phasic nature of the sense of smell

People with diabetes mellitus have glycosuria because

the plasma glucose concentration is greater than the maximum transport

The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in

the postcentral gyrus

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?

the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

The occipital lobe is

the principal visual center of the brain.

Each alveolus is surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by

the pulmonary artery

The tricuspid valve regulates the opening between

the right atrium and right ventricle

The Roman numerals assigned to each cranial nerve reflect

the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain.

The cerebral gyri increase

the surface area of the cortex.

Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This exemplifies

the synergistic effect

The cerebral aqueduct connects

the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

This figure shows the events of the cardiac cycle. What does 9 represent?

the ventricles are at end-systolic volume

The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic impulses to the

thoracic and abdominal viscera

Most strokes and heart attacks are caused by the abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel. Moreover, a piece of the ____ (clot) may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream as an) _____

thrombus, embolus

The ___ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.

thyroid gland

Negative feedback inhibition occurs when

thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary

The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the

tidal volume

The blood brain barrier (BBB) consists of

tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls.

The malleus, incus, and stapes

transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window.

Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes

two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors

Damage to which of the following nerves would reduce GI secretions?

vagus nerve

Which nerve has branches that extend the the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

vagus nerve

The nervous system and certain chemicals can cause the constriction of a blood vessel. This is known as

vascular spasm

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors like captopril block the formation of angiotensin II, thus reducing

vasoconstriction

Increased sympathetic neuron activity will cause

vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles

Which blood vessels have the lowest pressure?

veins

____ carry oxygen-poor blood

venae cavae and pulmonary arteries

____ has the most important effect on blood velocity

vessel radius

A deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear after his gun exploded when he tried firing it. His hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve?

vestibulocochlear

A deficiency of ____ can cause pernicious anemia

vitamin B12

Which type of taste has the lowest threshold?

bitter

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to ____ oxygen molecules

4

Normal arterial Po2 is

100 mmHg

Chewing of food is

mastication

What structures carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

ureters

A woman's first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), or erythroblastosis fetalis. The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type ___ and both children are most likely ______

A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive

Type A blood cdan safely donate RBCs to ____ and can receive RBCs of type ____

AB; O

During isovolumetric contraction period of the cardiac cycle,

AV and semilunar valves are closed

An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has ____ antigen(s) and can produce anti-____ antibody(ies)

B and D; A

Assume that the left ventricle of a child's heart has an EDV=90mL, and ESV=60mL, and a cardiac output of 2,400mL/min. His SV and HR are

SV= 30 mL/beat; HR=80 bpm

_____ is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus.

Smell

This figure shows the events of the cardiac cycle. At 0.2 sec in the graph _____.

The AV valve is open

Which of the following statements is true? A) one division of the ANS is always stimulatory and the other is always inhibitory B) increased parasympathetic activity is consistent with increased physical activity C) there is dual innervation of all organs D) the sympathetic division diverges more than the parasympathetic division E) structures receiving both dual autonomic innervation are regulated equally by both divisions

The sympathetic division diverges more than the parasympathetic division

_____ is nonsalt molecule that contributes to the hypertonicity of the interstitial fluid of the renal tubules.

Urea

_____ by the capillaries at their venous end

Waste products are taken up

The structural framework of the blood clot is formed by

a fibrin polymer

Lesions of the basal nuclei could cause

a slight shaking of the hands and head

This figure shows the events of the cardiac cycle. What does "4" represent?

aortic valve opening

Ventricular contraction begins at the

apex of the heart

Which of the following cranial nerves innervates an eye muscle? A) trigeminal B) optic C) abducens D) vagus E) facial

abducens

The movement of digested food into the blood or lymph is

absorption

When you view objects close to the eye, the eye makes an adjustment called

accommodation

Growth hormone hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause ___ when it begins in adulthood

acromegaly

What is the function of enterkinase secreted by the brush border?

activates the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin

The ____ secrete(s) ____, which promotes Na+ and water retention

adrenal cortex; aldosterone

Sympathetic agents activate

adrenergic receptors

Injury to the thalamus would

affect sensory projection to the cerebral cortex

____ is the most abundant protein in plasma

albumin

What commonly ingested substances are absorbed through the stomach wall?

alcohol and aspirin

_____ is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which stimulates kidney salt reabsorption in the kidneys.

aldosterone

Arterial blood pressure is influenced by

all apply

Which of the following is a barrier to acid and pepsin damage in the stomach?

all of the above

Antidiuretic hormone

all of the choices are correct

Hormonal secretion can be regulated by

all of these choices are correct

The actions of the kidney include regulation of

all the choices are correct

A predominance of ___ waves in an electroencephlogram (EEG) might indicate that a person is physically and mentallty relaxedd.

alpha

The two classes of adrenergic receptors are

alpha and beta

Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting zone?

alveoli

Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?

an increase in membrane thickness

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the

anterior pituitary (adrenhypophysis).

The main reason why an individual AB, Rh-negative cannot donate blood to an individual A, Rh-positive is because

anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor

Diabetes insipidus is caused by

antidiretic hormone hyposecretion

Neurohypohyseal secretion of _____ stimulates formation of concentrated urine.

antidiuretic hormone

As soon as left ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure of the aorta, the

aortic semilunar valve opens

Carbon monoxide is lethal because it

binds hemoglobin preventing oxygen binding.

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ___ and is reabsorbed by the ____.

arachnoid granulation, choroid plexus

The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching network known as the

arbor vitae

The abducens nerves

are involved in eye movement

The ____ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water

ascending

What type of white fibers connect areas of the cerebral cortex in the same hemisphere?

associated fibers

Expanded blood volume stimulates stretch receptors in the atria of the heart causing increased secretion of

atrial natriuretic peptide

Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following the pathway:

auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, cochlear duct, spiral organ, fibers of cochlear nerve

The dicrotic notch in the aortic pressure curve is due to the

backflow of blood toward the ventricles

The substantia nigra interconnects with the

basal nuclei

The concentration of renal filtrate is highest in the

base of the loop of Henle

A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause the

basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end

Each upward movement of the _______ causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening ___ gates.

basilar membrane; K^+

Which of the following is an agranulocyte?

basophil

Which of the following drugs would be the best choice to use in chronic asthma to dilate the bronchioles? A) ganglionic blocking agents B) a muscrinic agent C) a nicotinic agent D) alpha-adrenergic blocking agents E) beta-adrenergic stimulating agents

beta-adrenergic stimulating agents

Acid chyme is buffered by _______ secreted from the pancreas

bicarbonate

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as

bicarbonate ion

Which of the following is NOT associated with the cerebrum? A.) controlling the autonomic nervous system B) writing poetry C) making moral judgments D) interpreting smell and taste E) initiating voluntary movements

controlling the autonomic nervous system

The transparent anterior portion of the sclera is the

cornea.

Glomerular filtration would be decreased by

decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

decreased pH, increased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG

The fact the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the

decussation of the pyramids in the medulla

The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and not bonded to oxygen is

deoxyhemoglobin

What event(s) occur during the QRS complex of an ECG?

depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria

The ____ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to salt.

descending

The ___ separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities

diaphragm

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

digestion of most foods

Where is the enteric nervous system located?

digestive tract

Hypotenstion would induce ____ of afferent arterioles.

dilation

The last Korotkoff sound occurs when the blood pressure is equal to

disastolic pressure

In some forms of diabetes, an insensitivity to insulin seems to be present. This insensitivity could be the result of

down-regulation

From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in this order:

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

The reticular formation

is composed of nuclei scattered throughout the brain stem

Blood does not enter or leave the ventricles during the period called

isovolumetric contraction

The ____ nephrons play an important role in producing concentrated urine

juxtamedullary

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the

kidneys

There is no mixing of blood layers or sounds from vessels during ___ flow.

laminar

A decrease in temperature will shift oxygen dissociation curve to the

left

The chamber of the heart that endures the highest pressure is the

left ventricle

The only formed elements that possess a nucleus when mature are the

leukocytes

Most clotting factors are synthesized in the

liver

Which of the following is NOT part of the gastrointestinal tract?

liver

Quiet expiration is caused by

lung recoil and increased intrapulmonary pressure

Angiotensin-converting enzyme is most likely present in the capillaries of the

lungs

The sensor in tubuloglomerular feedback is a group of cells called the

macula densa

The renal pelvis receives urine from the

major calyces

Which auditory ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?

malleus

Which of the following motility processes is NOT correctly matched to its description?

masitcation- removal of wastes

Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine?

mastication of food