Anatomy and Physiology (8/25/23)

endocrine system

- Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes - secrets chemicals that are messengers between body part, maintain proper function of reproductive system

Urinate systems

- Kidneys and bladder - gets rid of nitrogenous wastes, helps regulate fluid level and chemical content of the blood

Immune system

- Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen - protects the body from disease

Cells

- Macromolecules found in all cells - basic unit of all living things

Molecules

- atoms joined together from molecules Ex: amino acids

Skeletal system

- bones, cartilage, ligaments - protects body parts, produce blood cells, stores calcium and phosphorus salts

nervous system

- brain, spinal cord, nerves - conducts nerve impulses from the sense organs to the brain and then to the muscles and glands

Tissue

- composed of similar types of cells and performs a specific function Ex: blood, muscle, fat

Organ system

- groups of organs that do specific function Example: digestive

circulatory system

- heart, blood vessels, blood - transport nutrients and oxygen to cells through blood, removes waste

Macromolecules

- molecules joined together form macromolecules Ex: protein - molecules joined together formed macromolecules

Atom

- most simple - compose all substances - chemical elements

digestive system

- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum - receive food and digests into nutrient molecules

respiratory system

- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs - bring oxygen into lungs and take CO2 out of the lungs

anatomic variation

- not everyone is exactly same - different races, hair color, eye color, sex, height, body type, etc. - people have different anatomy

female reproductive system

- ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina - produce sex cells, nourish and protect fetus

Muscular system

- skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac - move voluntarily, respond to stimuli, produce body heat

integumentary system

- skin and accessory organs (hair & nails) - protect tissue, regulate body temperature and contains sense organs

male reproductive system

- testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, urethra - produce sex sells

The 4 categories of body systems

1) support, movement, and protection 2) integration and coordination 3) maintenance of the body 4) reproduction and development

There are __ body systems

11

Organs systems can be divided into

4 categories based on function

Unicellular

A single celled organism

appendicular region- upper limbs

Acromial, brachia, antecubital, cubital, antebrachium, Palmer, armpit, digital

Organism

All the body systems make up an organism

Pectoral

Area around your breast

Axial Region - Torso or Thoracic ANTERIOR

Celiac, mammary, sternal, pectoral, costal, inguinal, genital, coxal

Anterior axial region

Cephalic, frontal, orbital, buccal, mental, facial

Axial Region: Cervical

Cervical and nuchal

Maintenance of the body

Circulatory system, immune system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system

Superficial (external)

Close to the body surface (look from inside towards the skin) Ex: you can see superficial scars and bruises

Deep

Closer to the inside Ex: bones are deep to the muscle

Proximal

Closer to the trunk or attachment point Ex: the elbow is proximal to the shoulder

Multicellular

Consisting of many cells

Axial Region - Torso or Thoracic POSTERIOR

Dorsum, vertebral, interscapular, lumbar, sacral, perineal

Cervical

Front of neck

Organs

Groups of tissue, working together to perform a specific function Example: heart, stomach

If the body's internal conditions change greatly

Illness results

The organ systems of support, movement, and protection are

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular

What happens to Kati (the runner) and how was her condition diagnosed?

Kati had hyponatremia (water retaining). Her condition was diagnosed using her vitals. She fainted a lot and had high urine sodium level.

Negative feedback

Keeps a variable close to a particular value, or set point Ex: body temperature: sweat to return body to normal temp when it's too hot

Facial

Limited to your face

All systems of the body contribute towards

Maintaining homeostasis

positive feedback

Mechanism that brings about an ever greater change in the same direction Ex: childbirth: moms produce more milk

What is the relationship between metabolism and energy?

Metabolism is the process by which your body converts consumed food and beverages into a source of energy.

Posterior axial region

Occipital

What are the 2 types of homeostasis mechanism?

Positive and negative feedback

anatomical position

Standing straight up, feet flat on the ground, arms at your side, and palms facing forward

What is anatomy

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

The rest of the anatomical terms are derived form

The anatomical position

Physiology

The study of body function

Organelles

Tiny structures found in cells that perform cellular functions Ex: mitochondria- supplies cell with energy

Celiac

abdomen

Superior

above

Vertebral

area of spine

Levels of organization

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Peripheral

away from the brain or spinal cord Ex: the arms are peripheral to the spinal cord

Lateral

away from the middle Ex: you arms are lateral to your heart

dorsum

back

Occipital

back of head

Nunchal

back of neck

Inferior

below

Sacral

between hips

Perineal

between the anus and the pubic arch

Mammary

breast

Buccal

cheek

Mental

chin

What are the vitals signs?

clinical measurement for temp, respiration rate, blood pressure - check range of the body

sagittal/median plane

divides body into left and right

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Orbital

eye

distal

farther from the point of attachment Ex: the wrist is distal to the shoulder

Frontal

forehead

Inguinal

groin

Axial Region: Cephalic

head

Cephalic

head

coxal

hip

Glucagon Feedback Loop

low blood sugar ->pancreas-> glucagon released -> increase blood glucose-> negative feedback to pancreas

Lumbar

lower back

Prone

lying face down

Supine

lying face up

Narrow range of atmospheric pressure

needed for proper gas exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs

Integration and coordination

nervous and endocrine

Narrow range of temperature

normal body temp is 98.6 which is needed for many cellular processes

What are the requirements for human life?

oxygen, nutrients, narrow range of temperature, atmospheric pressure

midsagittal plane

passes through the midline

parasagittal plane

passes through to one side of the midline

interscapular

region between the shoulder blades

Genital

reproductive organs

Reproduction and development

reproductive system

Costal

ribs

steranl

sternum; center of the chest

Even when external conditions change,

the body's internal condition stays within a narrow range

Homeostasis

the relative constancy of the body's internal environment

Posterior (dorsal)

toward the back Ex: your ears are posterior to your nose

Central

toward the brain or spinal cord Ex: the spinal cord is central to the limbs

Medial

toward the midline - your heart is medial to the lungs

Anteriror (ventral)

towards the front Ex: nose is anterior to your ears

Directional Terms

used to describe the "location" or "direction" of one organ compared to another