Anatomy and Physiology (8/25/23)
endocrine system
- Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes - secrets chemicals that are messengers between body part, maintain proper function of reproductive system
Urinate systems
- Kidneys and bladder - gets rid of nitrogenous wastes, helps regulate fluid level and chemical content of the blood
Immune system
- Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen - protects the body from disease
Cells
- Macromolecules found in all cells - basic unit of all living things
Molecules
- atoms joined together from molecules Ex: amino acids
Skeletal system
- bones, cartilage, ligaments - protects body parts, produce blood cells, stores calcium and phosphorus salts
nervous system
- brain, spinal cord, nerves - conducts nerve impulses from the sense organs to the brain and then to the muscles and glands
Tissue
- composed of similar types of cells and performs a specific function Ex: blood, muscle, fat
Organ system
- groups of organs that do specific function Example: digestive
circulatory system
- heart, blood vessels, blood - transport nutrients and oxygen to cells through blood, removes waste
Macromolecules
- molecules joined together form macromolecules Ex: protein - molecules joined together formed macromolecules
Atom
- most simple - compose all substances - chemical elements
digestive system
- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum - receive food and digests into nutrient molecules
respiratory system
- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs - bring oxygen into lungs and take CO2 out of the lungs
anatomic variation
- not everyone is exactly same - different races, hair color, eye color, sex, height, body type, etc. - people have different anatomy
female reproductive system
- ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina - produce sex cells, nourish and protect fetus
Muscular system
- skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac - move voluntarily, respond to stimuli, produce body heat
integumentary system
- skin and accessory organs (hair & nails) - protect tissue, regulate body temperature and contains sense organs
male reproductive system
- testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, urethra - produce sex sells
The 4 categories of body systems
1) support, movement, and protection 2) integration and coordination 3) maintenance of the body 4) reproduction and development
There are __ body systems
11
Organs systems can be divided into
4 categories based on function
Unicellular
A single celled organism
appendicular region- upper limbs
Acromial, brachia, antecubital, cubital, antebrachium, Palmer, armpit, digital
Organism
All the body systems make up an organism
Pectoral
Area around your breast
Axial Region - Torso or Thoracic ANTERIOR
Celiac, mammary, sternal, pectoral, costal, inguinal, genital, coxal
Anterior axial region
Cephalic, frontal, orbital, buccal, mental, facial
Axial Region: Cervical
Cervical and nuchal
Maintenance of the body
Circulatory system, immune system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system
Superficial (external)
Close to the body surface (look from inside towards the skin) Ex: you can see superficial scars and bruises
Deep
Closer to the inside Ex: bones are deep to the muscle
Proximal
Closer to the trunk or attachment point Ex: the elbow is proximal to the shoulder
Multicellular
Consisting of many cells
Axial Region - Torso or Thoracic POSTERIOR
Dorsum, vertebral, interscapular, lumbar, sacral, perineal
Cervical
Front of neck
Organs
Groups of tissue, working together to perform a specific function Example: heart, stomach
If the body's internal conditions change greatly
Illness results
The organ systems of support, movement, and protection are
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular
What happens to Kati (the runner) and how was her condition diagnosed?
Kati had hyponatremia (water retaining). Her condition was diagnosed using her vitals. She fainted a lot and had high urine sodium level.
Negative feedback
Keeps a variable close to a particular value, or set point Ex: body temperature: sweat to return body to normal temp when it's too hot
Facial
Limited to your face
All systems of the body contribute towards
Maintaining homeostasis
positive feedback
Mechanism that brings about an ever greater change in the same direction Ex: childbirth: moms produce more milk
What is the relationship between metabolism and energy?
Metabolism is the process by which your body converts consumed food and beverages into a source of energy.
Posterior axial region
Occipital
What are the 2 types of homeostasis mechanism?
Positive and negative feedback
anatomical position
Standing straight up, feet flat on the ground, arms at your side, and palms facing forward
What is anatomy
Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
The rest of the anatomical terms are derived form
The anatomical position
Physiology
The study of body function
Organelles
Tiny structures found in cells that perform cellular functions Ex: mitochondria- supplies cell with energy
Celiac
abdomen
Superior
above
Vertebral
area of spine
Levels of organization
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Peripheral
away from the brain or spinal cord Ex: the arms are peripheral to the spinal cord
Lateral
away from the middle Ex: you arms are lateral to your heart
dorsum
back
Occipital
back of head
Nunchal
back of neck
Inferior
below
Sacral
between hips
Perineal
between the anus and the pubic arch
Mammary
breast
Buccal
cheek
Mental
chin
What are the vitals signs?
clinical measurement for temp, respiration rate, blood pressure - check range of the body
sagittal/median plane
divides body into left and right
frontal (coronal) plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
transverse (horizontal) plane
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Orbital
eye
distal
farther from the point of attachment Ex: the wrist is distal to the shoulder
Frontal
forehead
Inguinal
groin
Axial Region: Cephalic
head
Cephalic
head
coxal
hip
Glucagon Feedback Loop
low blood sugar ->pancreas-> glucagon released -> increase blood glucose-> negative feedback to pancreas
Lumbar
lower back
Prone
lying face down
Supine
lying face up
Narrow range of atmospheric pressure
needed for proper gas exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs
Integration and coordination
nervous and endocrine
Narrow range of temperature
normal body temp is 98.6 which is needed for many cellular processes
What are the requirements for human life?
oxygen, nutrients, narrow range of temperature, atmospheric pressure
midsagittal plane
passes through the midline
parasagittal plane
passes through to one side of the midline
interscapular
region between the shoulder blades
Genital
reproductive organs
Reproduction and development
reproductive system
Costal
ribs
steranl
sternum; center of the chest
Even when external conditions change,
the body's internal condition stays within a narrow range
Homeostasis
the relative constancy of the body's internal environment
Posterior (dorsal)
toward the back Ex: your ears are posterior to your nose
Central
toward the brain or spinal cord Ex: the spinal cord is central to the limbs
Medial
toward the midline - your heart is medial to the lungs
Anteriror (ventral)
towards the front Ex: nose is anterior to your ears
Directional Terms
used to describe the "location" or "direction" of one organ compared to another