Anatomy & Physiology
During days one through five of the menstrual cycle, the thick endometrial lining of the uterus is shed along with tissue, fluid, blood, mucus, and epithelial cells
true
Elderly may become sensitive to the cold due to poor blood circulation in the dermis.
true
Energy storage is the more common function of carbohydrates.
true
Epidermis is not vascularized.
true
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, make up about 95% of the volume of blood cells.
true
Growth hormone increases protein synthesis and the breakdown of fats and carbohydrates.
true
Hair, in addition to mammary glands, is a main characteristic of all mammals.
true
Hemoglobin is made of a protein called "globin" and a pigment called "heme."
true
Histiocytes are large, stationary phagocytic cells. Correct! True
true
Human chorionic gonadotropin causes the corpus luteum of the ovary to continue producing its hormones to maintain the lining of the uterus.
true
In peritoneal dialysis, the peritoneum is used as a diffusable membrane to correct an imbalance of electrolytes or fluid in the blood.
true
In the renal columns, the branches of the renal arteries are called the interlobar arteries.
true
Ingestion is the taking in of food by the body.
true
Inhalation is an active process, while expiration is a passive process
true
Kupffer's cells of the liver phagocytose certain bacteria and old, worn-out white and red blood cells.
true
Lymph in the lacteals that looks milky because of the fat content is called chyle.
true
Lymphatics resemble veins in structure but have thinner walls and more valves.
true
Main role of lymphoid tissue is the production of antibodies to protect us from disease and foreign microorganisms.
true
Malaria is caused by the injection of a protozoan, Plasmodium, by a female Anopheles mosquito.
true
Mast cells function in the production of heparin and histamine.
true
Midsagittal plane vertically divides the body through the midline into two equal left and right portions or halves.
true
Most Americans are Rh positive
true
Normal skin is impermeable to water, carbohydrates, fat, and protein.
true
One significant subdivision of the systemic circulation route is the hepatic portal circulation route
true
Organs of any cavity are referred to as the viscera.
true
Otitis media is another name for a middle ear infection, a common occurrence in young children.
true
Our liver converts toxic ammonia to a harmless substance called urea through its enzymes.
true
Papule is a skin lesion that is a solid, small elevation less than one centimeter in diameter.
true
Parathormone causes bone cells to release calcium and phosphorous into the blood.
true
Plasma membrane of cells is a selectively permeable membrane.
true
Pleural is the term that refers to the covering of the lungs.
true
Rh blood group was named after the Rhesus monkeys, the animals in which one of the eight Rh antigens or factors was first identified and studied.
true
Sagittal plane is any plane parallel to the midsagittal or median plane, vertically dividing the body into unequal right and left portions.
true
Saliva is 99.5% water, which provides a medium for dissolving foods.
true
Sebum has antifungal and antibacterial properties
true
Seminal fluid is sticky due to the presence of the sugar fructose, which provides energy for the beating flagellum of each sperm cell.
true
Severe allergic reactions can result in anaphylactic shock, culminating in death.
true
Skin weighs about six pounds.
true
Some of the side effects of anabolic steroids are shriveled testes and infertility, changes in blood cholesterol levels that could lead to heart disease, damage to the liver, a puffy face, and mental problems.
true
Sound originates from the vibrations of the true vocal cords.
true
Specialized connective tissue that lines the cavities of freely moving joints is called the synovial membrane.
true
Sweat itself is practically odorless.
true
T lymphocytes are responsible for providing cellular immunity.
true
Term parietal refers to the walls of a cavity.
true
There are ten pairs of intercostal arteries that supply the muscles of the thorax.
true
There are three classifications of hormones: modified amino acids, proteins, and steroid hormones.
true
Urinary tract infections are more common in women than in men since the anus and urethral opening are closer.
true
Urine is expelled from the body by a process called micturition, commonly known as voiding or urination.
true
Venous sinuses are veins with thin walls.
true
Vitamin D helps to increase absorption of calcium by the small intestine.
true
Water serves as a medium or solvent in which other reactions occur, and water is referred to as the universal solvent.
true
White blood cells are larger in size than are RBCs.
true
kidneys are the major excretory organs of the body, filtering large amounts of fluids from the bloodstream, including nitrogenous wastes, drugs, and toxins
true
ladder wall contains three layers of smooth muscle collectively known as the detrusor muscle.
true
larynx is closed off when we swallow so that foods and liquids are routed posteriorly into the esophagus and are kept out of the trachea anteriorly.
true
main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins with the enzyme pepsin
true
male urethra serves as a common passageway for both spermatozoa from the testes and urine from the bladder.
true
most dangerous type of skin cancer is malignant melanoma.
true
movement of air into the lungs is known as inhalation or inspiration.
true
narrow inferior portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina is called the cervix
true
narrow inferior portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina is called the cervix.
true
nephrons are mainly responsible for removing wastes from the blood and regulating its electrolytes and fluid content.
true
nephrons are the functional microscopic units of the kidney.
true
nerve supply to the kidneys comes from the renal plexus of the autonomic nervous system.
true
overall exchange of gases between the atmosphere, the blood, and the cells is called respiration
true
palatine tonsils are the ones commonly removed in a tonsillectomy.
true
parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system operates under normal non-stressful conditions.
true
pharyngeal tonsils are also known as the adenoids.
true
primary function of the lymphatic system is to drain tissue spaces of protein-containing fluid that escapes from the blood capillaries.
true
radial and ulnar arteries supply blood to the forearm.
true
renal artery transports approximately one-quarter of the total cardiac output (oxygenated blood) directly to the kidney.
true
scrotum is an outpouching of the abdominal wall consisting of loose skin and superficial fascia.
true
sinoatrial node initiates each cardiac cycle and sets the pace for the heart rate.
true
sperm cells continue to mature in the epididymis.
true
stratum corneum forms the outermost layer of the epidermis.
true
superior vena cava is also known as the anterior vena cava.
true
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for stressful situations that require energy expenditure, such as by increasing heartbeat and respiratory rate to flee from a threatening situation.
true
thyroid cartilage is the largest piece of cartilage and is also known as the Adam's apple
true
vestibular folds of the larynx are also known as the false vocal cords
true
zymogenic cells, or chief cells, within the mucosa of the stomach secrete the principal gastric enzyme pepsinogen
true
Corium
true skin; another name for dermis.
sarcoma
tumors developing from connective tissue are called
Sarcomas
tumors developing from connective tissues.
Carcinomas
tumors developing from epithelial tissue.
Centrosome
two centrioles are referred to as a(n) _____________.
Deoxyribose and Ribose
two five-carbon sugars found in DNA.
Ribose and deoxyribose
two five-carbon sugars found in RNA
calcitonin and parathormone
two hormones that control the calcium concentration in our bodies.
Eccrine and apocrine
two kinds of sweat glands.
Adenine and guanine
two purine nitrogen base
1
two purine nitrogen bases.
Guanine and adinine
two purine nitrogen bases.
Thymine and cytosine
two pyrimidine nitrogen bases.
Nucleoplasm and Cytoplasm
two subdivisions of protoplasm.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
two types of nucleic acid.
External occipital crest and external occipital protuberance
twos projection of the occipital bone for muscle attachment.
blood type that is considered to be the universal recipient is ____.
type AB
Mesothelium
type of epithelial tissue based on function, also called serous tissue, that lines the cavities of the body that have no openings to the outside.
Reticular
type of loose connective tissue that forms the framework of the liver, bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes.
Epithelial Tissue
type of tissue that protects, absorbs or secretes.
Epithelial tissue
type of tissue that protects, absorbs or secretes.
Triacylglycerols
types of fats that are found in the human body.
osteoprogenitor cell
undifferentiated bone cell.
stem cells / hematocytoblasts
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that develop into blood cells; also known as hematocytoblasts
Goblet cells
unicellular glands that secrete mucus.
Calories
unit used to measure energy.
If the fatty acids contain one or more double covalent bonds, the fat is called a(n) ____.
unsaturated fat
opening of the urethra is called the ____.
urethral orifice
hollow, muscular organ, located in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphysis, that serves as a reservoir for urine is the ____.
urinary bladder
Thyroxine or Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
A hormone of the thyroid gland that regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
A hormone of the thyroid gland that regulates the metabolism of crabohydrates, fats and proteins.
Glucagon
A hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates the blood glucose levels.
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenogenital syndrome occurs due to excessive secretion of androgens from the _________ _________.
This structure in a joint provides for shock absorption and low friction movement between the bones.
Articular cartilage
Chromosomes
During cell division, chromatin condenses into thick rodlike structures called ______________which become visible with a light microscope
Chromosomes
During cell division, chromatin condenses into think rodlike structures that become visible with a light microscope and are called
Robert Hooke
English scientist who first described cells in 1665. Seeing cork cells, he called them cellulae meaning small rooms. in Latin.
Goiter
Enlarged thyroid.
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to an inadequate amount of iodine in the diet.
Stress
Environmental influences resulting from excessive secreation of epinephrine and cortisol causing psychological and physiological problems.
None listed
Epinephrine is secrete by the _____(e)______.
Estrogen
Female sex hormone.
Progesterone
Female sex hormone.
Support, nourishment, transportation, connection, movement, protection, insulation, storage, attachment and separation.
Funtions of connective tissue.
Friedrich Miescher
German chemist who first discovered the DNA molecule.
Ceruminous Glands
Glands that produce earwax.
Cortisol
Glucocorticoid Hormone
Alpha Cells
Glugagon is produced by the _____(b)_____.
Pancreas
Glycogen is stored for use between meals. It is stored in which organ? (a)
Urine
Glycosuria is a condition of elevated sugar in the ___________.
transcription
In protein synthesis, the process of copying the genetic information from the DNA molecule onto the messenger RNA is known as
Translation
In protein synthesis, the process of reading the code and bringing the appropriate amino acids in sequence along the messenger RNA is known as
Polyuria
Increase in urine production.
Vitamin D.
Increases calcium absorption
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Increases the production of melanin in melanocytes in the skin, causing a darkening of the skin.
Parathormone
Inhibits osteoblasts.
Adrenal Medulla
Inner part of the adrenal gland.
Beta Cells
Insulin is produced by _____(c)________.
Polyphagia
Intense food cravings.
first individual to correctly illustrate the human skeleton with all of its bones was ____.
Leonardo da Vinci
Amine Group
NH2 found in amino acids.
correct pathway for electrical activity in the heart
SA node, AV node, bundles branches, Purkinje's fibers
thumb is the only example of this type of joint.
Saddle
Same virus that causes chicken pox causes ?
Shingles
Citric Acid
The C2 acetyl-CoA reacts with a C4 molecule oxaloacetic acid to form the C6 molecule ____________. (an intermediate product of the citric acid cycle)
Kidneys
The _____(c)____ controls water levels and electrolyte balance.
Gene
a sequence of organic nitrogen base pairs that codes for a polypeptide or protein.
Spinal Meninges
a series of connective tissue membranes specifically associated with the spinal cord.
Meninges
a series of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Moving a body part away from the midline of the body is
abduction
Tumor
abnormal and uncontrolled growth of a cell.
Antigens cause the immune system to produce high molecular weight proteins called immunoglobulins or ____.
antibodies
Heparin
anticoagulant manufactured by the liver and mast cells.
fossa
any depression or cavity in or on a bone.
processes
any obvious bone projection
Sagittal
any plane parallel to the midsagittal or median plane vertically dividing the body into unequal left and right portions.
spine
any sharp, slender projection such as the spinous process of the vertebrae.
inflammation of the vermiform appendix, caused by an obstruction, is known as ____.
appendicitis
disease caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone, often associated with an enlarged thyroid gland or goiter and bulging eyeballs, is known as ____.
grave's Disease
Gray Matter
gray areas of the nervous system.
longest veins of the body, which drain the superficial aspects of the legs, are known as the ____.
great saphenous veins
coronary sulcus
groove separating the atria from the ventricles externally
Spindle fibers
group of microtubules formed by the centrioles to guide the daughter chromatids to opposite poles..
Tissues
groups of cells similar in size, shape and function.
White Matter
groups of myelinated axons form many neurons supported by neuroglia.
elevations or folds on the surface of the cerebrum are called ____
gyri
Cuticle, cortex and the medulla
hair is composed of these three parts.
Haploid
half the number of chromosomes.
anterior part of the roof of the mouth is called the ____.
hard palate
osteon
haversian canal.
condition caused by progressive weakening of the myocardium & failure of the heart to pump adequate amounts of blood is known as:
heart failure
condition in which erythrocytes rupture or are destroyed at a faster rate than is normal is known as ____.
hemolytic anemia
erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease of the newborn
inherited clotting disorder associated with the expression of a recessive gene on the X chromosome is known as ____.
hemophilia
condition of inflammation and enlargement of the rectal veins is known as ____.
hemorrhoids
inflammation of the liver caused by a viral infection or by excessive alcohol consumption is known as ____.
hepatitis
condition caused by the protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the opening in the diaphragm is known as ____.
hiatal hernia
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
high-energy fuel molecule the cell needs to function.
Eukaryotic
higher cells like those of the body are called _____________.
Norepinephrine
hormone produced by the adrenal medulla: noradrenaline
Serotonin
hormone secreted by the pineal gland that acts as a neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor.
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
hormone that stimulates ovary follicle develpment and sperm cell production is ____(a)______.
Steroids
hormones that can diffuse across cell membranes are the _______(b)_______.
Forty six
human body cells contain __________ chromosomes.
substance that acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions, donating them to a solution when their concentration falls and taking the hydrogen ions from a solution when their concentration rises, is known as a(n) ____.
hydrogen
medical term for an excessive amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood is ____.
hyperglycemia
Golgi body or Apparatus
consists of an assembly of flat sac-like cisternae that look like a stack of saucers or pancakes; used as a storage area in the cell.
Efferent Peripheral System
consists of efferent or motor neurons that convey information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.
Muscular System
consists of muscles, fascia, tendon sheaths and bursae.
Respiratory System
consists of nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
Arrector Pili Muscle
consists of smooth muscle fibers attached to a hair follicle that causes the goose flesh appearance on the skin when we get scared or get a chill.
Digestive system
consists of the alimentary canal with its associated glands.
Nervous System
consists of the brain, spinal cord cranial nerves, peripheral nerves and the sensory and motor structures of the body.
Endocrine System
consists of the endocrine glands.
Integumentary System
consists of the epidermis and dermis and the appendages of the skin.
Lymphatic System
consists of the lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen and the lymphatic vessels.
Reproductive System
consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes and vagina in the female; the testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis and urethra in the male.
condition due to hypothyroidism in young children in which the child is mentally retarded and does not grow to normal stature is known as ____.
cretinism
portion of the tooth above the level of the gums that is covered with enamel is the ____.
crown
chronic condition of the lymphatic system caused by a filarial worm invasion, which results in tremendous swelling of the arms or legs, is known as ____.
elephantiasis
abnormal condition in which a blood clot becomes lodged in a vessel, obstructing the flow of blood in the vessel, is known as a(n) ____.
embolism
embolism
embolus that becomes lodged in a vessel and cuts off circulation
dentin of the tooth is covered by the hardest substance in the body, which is ____.
enamel
inflammation of brain tissue, usually caused by a virus and transmitted by a mosquito bite, is known as ____
encephalitis
inflammation of brain tissue, usually caused by a virus and transmitted by a mosquito bite, is known as ____.
encephalitis
catabolism
energy releasing process that breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules is known as
anabolism
energy requiring process that builds larger molecules by combining smaller molecules is known as
Two important functions of carbohydrates
energy storage (the more common function) and cell strengthening.
macrophanges
engulf and digest antigens; monocytes
Macrophages
engulf and digest antigens; monocytes.
pulmonary veins
enter the left atrium of the heart
lysozyme
enzyme that destroys bacteria
white blood cells that produce antihistamines and combat irritants that cause allergies, such as pollen or cat hair, are ____.
eosinophils
Outermost layer of the skin is the _______
epidermis
disorder in which certain parts of the brain are overactive, producing convulsive seizures and possible loss of consciousness, is ____
epilepsy
Squamous epithelium
epithelial cells that are flat and slightly irregular in shape and serve as a protective layer....
Columnar epithelium
epithelial cells that are tall and rectangular; found lining the ducts of certain glands and in mucous-secreting tissues.
Endothelium
epithelial cells that line the circulatory system.
Cuboidal epithelium
epithelial cells that look like small cubes; their function is secretion, protection, and absorption.
The tissue that covers surfaces, protects, forms glands, and lines cavities of the body is ____.
epithelial tissue
Clones
exact duplicates.
auricle
external appendage of an atrium
exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood is known as ____.
external respiration
AIDS is an abbreviation for auto immune deficiency syndrome.
false
Acidity of the skin will not kill most bacteria and other microorganisms that make contact with the skin.
false
Adipose tissue is tightly packed, dense connective tissue.
false
Approximately 200 mL of blood passes through the kidneys every minute
false
Bacteria are rarely present in the intestine.
false
Blood transports oxygen from the lungs, where it enters the white blood cells (WBCs), to all cells of the body.
false
Bubonic plague is a disease of the lymphatic system caused by the bite of a deer tick.
false
Cataracts usually develop in children.
false
Cell membrane is composed of one layer of protein and one layer of carbohydrate
false
Cell performs all the activities necessary to maintain life except for excretion.
false
Cerebral palsy is a condition caused by inflammation of brain tissue, usually caused by a virus and transmitted by the bite of a mosquito.
false
Chloride (Cl-) is necessary for muscle contraction, as well as for building strong bones.
false
Chondrocyte is a type of cell found in areolar tissue.
false
Cortical nephrons have loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla.
false
Decrease in sebum secretion is responsible for sagging and wrinkling skin.
false
Digestion is the passage of food from the digestive tract into the bloodstream
false
Each ureter is basically an extension of a glomerulus.
false
Electrons are the smallest particles of an element that maintain all the characteristics of that element and enter into chemical reactions.
false
Enzymes are protein catalysts that block a chemical reaction.
false
Eosinophils are the most common type of leukocytes.
false
Erythrocytes live for approximately 280 days.
false
Erythrocytes stay in the blood for about 12 hours and then move into tissues where they phagocytize foreign substances and secrete the enzyme lysozyme, which destroys certain bacteria.
false
Forty temporary, or deciduous, teeth form in infants between the ages of six months to two years.
false
Glaucoma is caused by a lack of aqueous humor in front of the lens.
false
Hair growth begins in the shaft.
false
Hanging from the posterior border of the soft palate is a cone-shaped muscular structure called the villi.
false
Hematopoiesis occurs in the yellow bone marrow where all blood cells are produced.
false
Horizontal or transverse plane is any plane dividing the body into left and right portions.
false
Hyperthyroidism in adults results in sluggishness, fatigue, and fluid accumulation in subcutaneous tissues.
false
Hypothyroidism causes nervousness, high body metabolism, and fatigue.
false
Immunity is the ability of the body to resist infection from antibodies.
false
Impetigo is caused by the human papillomavirus.
false
In a normal heartbeat, the right atrium contracts, followed by the right ventricle, then the left atrium, and finally the left ventricle.
false
It is useful to describe the body as having imaginary curved geometric surfaces passing through it called planes.
false
Lactogenic hormone (LTH), also known as prolactin, stimulates the production of ova in the female ovary.
false
Ligaments attach muscle to bone.
false
Loose connective tissue has fibers that are tightly woven among themselves
false
Loose connective tissue has fibers that are tightly woven among themselves.
false
Most common type of skin cancer, which produces an open ulcer that can easily be treated with radiation therapy or surgical removal, is malignant melanoma.
false
Mumps is caused by a bacterial infection of the salivary glands.
false
Once ejaculated, the spermatozoa have a life expectancy of about 96 hours in the female reproductive tract.
false
Onychomycosis is sometimes called "runaround."
false
Oogenesis occurs in the testes.
false
Organs are organized into tissues.
false
Osmosis pertains only to the movement of carbon dioxide molecules. True
false
Pitch is caused by tension on the nasal septum
false
Plasma cells are formed by replicating T cells.
false
Platelets are involved with antibody production.
false
Prothrombin forms the threads of a clot, which enmesh the blood cells and platelets seeping from the wound.
false
Ringworm is caused by several species of the herpes zoster virus.
false
Striated muscle is involuntary muscle and is not under the control of the central nervous system.
false
Sweat glands are most numerous in the soles of the feet and the elbows.
false
Taste buds are found on the filiform papillae
false
There are five classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
false
There are two pulmonary veins that return oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart from the lungs.
false
Ventral cavity contains organs of the nervous system.
false
Warts are caused by the herpes simplex virus.
false
When a small blood vessel is damaged, skeletal muscles in the vessel's walls contract
false
When you wash your hair, it can be elongated to three times its normal length due to the weight of the water on the hair.
false
adrenal glands are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
false
average capacity of the bladder is 100 to 300 mL.
false
average heart beats approximately 90 times per minute.
false
cerebellum is the largest portion of the brain.
false
circulation of lymph through the various lymphatic vessels is maintained by the heartbeat.
false
cremaster muscle elevates the testes upon exposure to heat.
false
eardrum is also called the external meatus.
false
female sex hormones are estrogen and testosterone.
false
function of the esophagus is to produce digestive enzymes and absorb food
false
innermost tunic of the alimentary canal is called the tunica submucosa
false
liver is one of the smallest organs of the digestive system.
false
monocyte is a type of granulocyte
false
mons pubis, also called the veneris, is the collective term for the structures of the external genitalia
false
nostrils are also called the external nasal septa.
false
ovaries produce the sperm and the male sex hormones.
false
pacemaker is also known as the conduction myofiber.
false
pineal gland produces the hormone serotonin.
false
primary sex organs of the female reproductive system are the fallopian tubes.
false
pulmonary semilunar valve is found in the opening where the pulmonary trunk exits the left ventricle.
false
right and left coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs.
false
sclera regulates the amount of light that enters through the pupil.
false
trachea terminates just below the diaphragm by dividing into a right primary bronchus and a left primary bronchus.
false
true vocal cords are usually thicker and longer in women than in men.
false
urethra is approximately the same length in the male and the female.
false
urinary system consists of two kidneys, one ureter, and a bladder.
false
vertical partition that divides the nose into left and right nasal cavities is the cricoid cartilage
false
Zygote
fertilized egg.
temporary circulation route that exists only between a developing baby and its mother is called ____.
fetal circulation
plasma protein that plays a vital role in the clotting mechanism is ____.
fibrinogen
plasma protein that plays a vital role in the clotting mechanism is ____.
fibrogen
Trabeculae
fibrous connective tissue; extension of the capsule of a lymph node
trabeculae carneae
fibrous connective tissue; extension of the capsule of a lymph node
periosteum
fibrovascular membrane that covers a bone
Chiasmata (chiasma)
figures of chromosomes during crossing-over.
Telophase
final stage of mitosis
telophase
final stage of mitosis is
Partial-Thickness Burns
first and second-degree burns..
Which of the following is the correct sequence of branching off the aortic arch?
first branch brachiocephalic artery, second branch left common carotid artery, third branch left subclavian artery
Atlas
first cervical vertebra that supports the head by articulation with the condyles of the occipital bone.
Cell plate
first stage of a new cell wall forming at the equator of a dividing plant cell.
glycolysis
first step in the biochemical respiration process is the breakdown of glucose, which is called
Longitudinal Fissure
fissure separating the cerebrum into right and left halves
metaphysis
flared portion at each end of a long bone composed of cancellous or spongy bone.
vomer bone
flat bone that makes up the lower posterior portion of the nasal septum
Elastin
flexible fibers found in the matrix of connective tissue.
Aqueous Humor
fluid in the anterior compartment of the yey located in front of the lens.
pericardial fluid
fluid in the pericardial cavity
nucleoplasm
fluid medium of the nucleus is called
Vitreous Humor
fluid that fills the posterior compartment of the eye behind the lens
Gyri
folds on the surface of each hemisphere of the cerebrum
hormone that stimulates development of the follicles in the ovaries is ____.
follicle-stimulating hormone
Antigens
foreign proteins.
Schwann Cells/Neurolemmocytes
form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system.
temporal bones
form the lower sides and base of cranium.
palatine bones
form the posterior part of the roof of the mouth or part of the hard palate.
zygomatic or malar bones
form the prominence of the cheek.
parietal bones
form the upper sides and roof of the cranium.
intramembranous ossification
formation of bone by a process in which dense connective tissue membranes are replaced by deposits of inorganic calcium salts.
ossification
formation of bone by osteoblasts.
oogenesis
formation of the female egg is known as
Oogenesis
formation of the female sex cells.
spermatogenesis
formation of the male sex hormone is known as
clot
formed by fibrin at the site of a cut in a blood vessel
pelvic girdle
formed by the two hip bones.
Bond
formed when atoms combine chemically with one another.
Compound
formed when two or more elements combine via bonding.
sphenoid bones
forms anterior portion of the base of the cranium
Glandular epithelium
forms glands.
Frontal Lobe
forms the anterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere
Elastic cartilage
forms the external ear, ear canals and epiglottis.
tympanic plate of temporal bone
forms the floor and anterior wall of the external auditory meatus.
Cancellous or spongy bone
forms the inner spongy tissue underneath compact bone.
Fibrocartilage
forms the intervertebral disks that surrond the spinal cord.
Compact bone
forms the outer layer of bone and is very dense.
Compact or dense bone
forms the outer layer of bone and is very dense.
Cancellous bone
forms the spongy tissue underneath compact bone.
aortic semilunar valve
found in the opening where the ascending aorta leaves the left ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
found in the opening where the pulmonary trunk exits the right ventricle
subcutaneous bursae
found under the skin.
subtendinous bursae
found where one tendon overlies another tendon.
Coronal suture
found where the frontal bone joins the two parietal bones.
red bone marrow
found within cancellous bone; makes blood cells.
Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
four protein structures
area of sharpest vision in the retina of the eye is known as the ____.
fovea centralis
diarthroses or synovial joints
freely moving joints or articulations.
exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells is known as ____.
internal respiration
Desmosomes
interrlocking cellular bridges that hold skin cells together.
When plasma moves out of the capillaries and into the spaces between tissue cells, it is called ____.
interstitial fluid
Match each statement with the correct item below by typing in the corresponding letter. second-degree burn, dermis, third-degree burn, first-degree burn, hypodermis
involves epidermis corium epidermis and dermis involves on epidermis subcutaneous tissue
ribosomes
nucleus contains the site of protein synthesis called the
Klinefelter's syndrom
occurs in males who have reached puberty. It is caused by males who have extra X chromosomes.
reposition
occurs when the digits return to their normal positions.
descending thoracic aorta
part of the aorta located in the thorax
thoracic aorta
part of the aorta located in the thorax
part of the brain that contains all of the ascending and descending tracts that connect between the spinal cord and various parts of the brain is called the ____.
medulla oblongata
Bright light inhibits the secretion of which of the following hormones?
melatonin
pericardial sac
membrane covering the heart
Pericardium
membrane covering the heart.
Peritoneum
membrane lining the abdominal cavity.
Plasma Membrane or plasmalemma
membrane surrounding cells.
Plasmalemma
membrane surrounding cells; also called the plasma membrane.
Pleural Membranes
membrane that encloses and protects the lung.
Pluera
membrane that lines the thoracic cavity.
Cells that are descendants of activated T and B cells produced during an initial immune response, which exist in the body for years, enabling it to respond quickly to future infections, are known as ___
memory cells
Midbrain/Mesencephalon
mesencephalon; contains the ventral cerebral peduncles
Ribosomes
messenger RNA attaches to __________ during protein synthesis.
capillaries
microscopic blood vessels where exchange of nutrients and oxygen and waste and carbon dioxide gas occurs between blood and tissue cells
Urine is expelled from the body by a process called ____.
micturition
Medulla
middle or central portion of the hair.
Dividing the body into two equal left and right portions or halves by drawing an imaginary line vertically through the body from top to bottom creates which of the following planes?
midsagital
valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is the ____.
mitral valve
tricuspid valve
molar teeth with three cusps
bicuspid / mitral valve
molar teeth with two cusps
Parasympathetic Division
part of the autonomic nervous system that operates under normal nonstressful conditions
Parasympathetic Division
part of the autonomic nervous system that operates under normal nonstressful conditions.
Sympathetic Division
part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful situations that require energy expenditure
Sympathetic Division
part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful situations that require energy expenditure.
Hypothalamus
part of the brain that controls secretions from the pituitary gland
Medulla Oblongata
part of the brainstem that contains all the ascending and descending tracts that connect between the spinal cord and various parts of the brain
cytoplasm
part of the cell in which glycolysis occurs is the
Neutron
part of the central nucleus that makes up an atom; carries no charge.
Proton
part of the central nucleus that makes up an atom; has a positive charge.
Temporal Lobe
part of the cerebral hemisphere that evaluates hearing input and smell
Occipital Lobe
part of the cerebrum that functions in receiving and interpreting visual input
atrioventricular (AV) node
part of the conduction system of the heart located in the lower portion of the right atrium
Mamillary Bodies
part of the diencephalon involved in memory and emotional responses to odor
Optic Tracts
part of the diencephalon involved with the sense of sight
Optic Chiasma
part of the diencephalon where optic nerves cross each other
Posterior or Dorsal Gray Horn
part of the spinal cord.
Gladiolus
part of the sternum bone resembling the blade of a sword.
manubrium
part of the sternum resembling the handle of a sword.
petrous part of temporal bone
part of the temporal bone found deep within the base of the skull where it protects and surrounds the inner ear.
painful inflammation of the pericardium caused by viral or bacterial infection is known as ____.
pericarditis
painful inflammation of the pericardium caused by viral or bacterial infection is known as:
pericarditis
Ammonia
molecule that comes from the decomoposition of proteins via the digestive process, and the conversion of amino acids in cellular respiration to ATP molecules.
Electron Donors
molecules furnishing electrons during a reaction.
Electron Acceptors
molecules that gain electrons during a reaction.
Electron Carriers
molecules that gain electrons only to lose them to some other molecule in a very short time.
Micrometer
more common term used instead of microns.
neutrophils
most common leukocytes; they secrete lysozyme
Basal Cell Carcinoma
most common type of skin cancer.
Metastases
movement beyond the place of origin.
Abduction
movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body.
adduction
movement of a bone or limb toward the midline of the body.
opposition
movement that occurs only with the thumb.
rotation
moving a bone around a central axis.
retraction
moving a part of the body backward on a plane parallel to the ground.
protraction
moving a part of the body forward on a plane parallel to the ground
circumduction
moving the bone in such a way so that the end of the bone or limb describes a circle in the air and the sides of the bone describe a cone in the air.
pronation
moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are not parallel.
inversion
moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle.
eversion
moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle.
Striated or skeletal muscle
muscle attached to bone, cartilage and the membranous structures associated with bones.
Muscle Fibers
muscle cells.
Muscle fibers
muscle cells.
Cardiac Muscle
muscle found only in the heart.
syneresis
muscles that assist the prime movers
musculi pectinati
muscles that give the auricles their rough appearance
Match each term with the correct item below by typing in the corresponding letter.
muscles, fasciae epidermis, dermis brain, spinal cord ductless glands bones, cartilage
Another name for a heart attack is ____.
myocardial infarction
Suture, foramen, meatus/canal, sinus/antrum and sulcus
name the five fossae
Spine, condyle, tubercle, trochlea, trochanter, crest, line, head and neck
name the nine processes
Crest
narrow ridge of bone
Medial
nearest the midline of the body.
Proximal
nearest the point of attachment or origin.
Molecular Oxygen
necessary to convert food into chemical energy. (ATP)
Feedback responses that revise disturbances to our body's condition are examples of ____ feedback.
negative
Electron
negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleous of an atom at some distance from it center.
Ganglia
nerve cell bodies grouped together outside the central nervous system.
Neurons
nerve cell that makes up an atom. Carries no charge.
Neuron
nerve cell that transmits inmpulses.
Neuroglia
nerve cells that perform support and protection.
Motor or Efferent Neuron
neuron that connects with muscles or glands to bring about a reaction to stimulus.
Unipolar Neurons
neurons that have only one process extending from the cell body; most sensory neurons are unipolar.
Multipolar Neurons
neurons that have several dendrites and one axon.
Atoms are electrically ____.
neutral
most common type of leukocytes that are the most active white blood cells in response to tissue destruction by bacteria are ____.
neutrophils
Polar bodies
nonfunctional cell produced in oogenesis.
disease characterized by tremors of the hand when resting and a slow, shuffling walk with rigidity of muscular movements is known as ____.
parkinson's
arrangement of the elements by increasing atomic number in such a way that similar properties repeat at periodic intervals is known as the ____.
periodic table
physical movement or pushing of food along the digestive tract in wave-like movements is known as ____.
peristalsis
Microglia
phagocytic cell found in the central nervous system; also called neuroglia.
systole
phase of contraction
diastole
phase of relaxation of the heart
cytokensis
phase of the cell cycle in which actual cell division occurs is
actual exchange of the respiratory gases between the lungs and blood takes place by diffusion across the alveoli and the walls of the capillary network that surrounds the alveoli.
true
mitosis
process of cellular reproduction that occurs in the nucleus forming two identical nuclei is known as
Mitosis
process of cellular reproduction that occurs in the nucleus, forming two identical nulclei is known as
transcription
process of the messenger RNA molecule copying the genetic code form the DNA molecule in the nucleus is known as
trochlea
process shaped like a pullery on a bone.
megakaryocytes
produce thrombocytes or platelets
meiosis
reduction division of the nuclear material so that each gamete contains only half as much hereditary material as the parent cell is known as
innermost layer of the eye is called the ____.
retina
Depolarization
reversal of electrical charge.
disease that results from streptococcal infections, occuring more in children than adults, is known as:
rheumatic heart disease
Nissl Bodies/Chromatophilic Substance
ribosomes attached to the rough ER in a neuron.
Condyle
rounded prominence found at the point of articulation with another bone.
Mast cells
roundish-shaped cells found close to small blood vessels that produce heparin.
hepatic portal circulation
route between the digestive tract and the liver
folds of the mucosa on the internal surface of the stomach are called ____.
rugae
If the fatty acids contain only single covalent bonds, the fat is called a(n) ____.
saturated fat
genetic engineers
scientists who work with the recombinant DNA to alter and control the genotype or organsism is
Cerebellum
second largest portion of the brain concerned with coordinating skeletal muscle movements and balance.
Dermis
second layer of skin; also called corium.
myocardium
second layer of the wall of the heart
Metaphase
second stage of mitosis.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
second subdivision of the ventral cavity that contains the kidneys, stomach, liver and gallbladder, small and large intestines, spleen pancreas, and the ovaries and uterus in women.
anterior portions of the nasal cavities just inside the nostrils are known as the vestibules.
true
pericardial cavity
space between the epicardium of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardial sac
Pericardial Cavity
space between the epicardium of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardial sac.
Match each statement with the correct item below by typing in the corresponding letter.allergist, cosmotologist, dermatologist, plastic surgeon
specialist concerned these individuals have specializes in disease doctors
Reticuloendothelial (RE) system
specialized connective tissue involved in phagocytosis.
hematopoietic tissue
specialized connective tissue that produces blood cells.
aortic semilunar valve is found in the opening where the ascending aorta leaves the left ventricle.
true
Interphase
the longest most dynamic part of a cells life. it is not part of cell division.
Stratum Basale
the lowermost or basal layer of the stratum germinativum.
Root
the lowermost portion of a hair found in the hair follicle.
tunica media
the middle layer of the wall of an artery or vein
Arachnoid Mater
the middle spinal or cranial meninx.
Water
the most abundant substance in living cells.
Areolar
the most widely distributed type of loose connective tissue.
Diffusion
the movement of molecules through a medium from an area of high concentration of those molecules to an area of low concentration of those molecules.
Lymph
the name given to interstitial fluid when it enters a lymphatic capillary.
Alimentary Canal
the name given to the digestive tube that runs from the mouth to the anus.
pH
the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete the hormone insulin
true
bladder wall contains three layers of smooth muscle collectively known as the detrusor muscle.
true
broad ligament, which is a fold of the peritoneum, encloses and helps hold the ovary in place in the pelvic cavity.
true
cardiovascular system and the respiratory system share the responsibility of supplying oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide gas.
true
cardiovascular system consists of the heart and thousands of miles of blood vessels.
true
decline in blood glucose can cause nervous system malfunctions, since glucose is a main source of energy for nerve cells.
true
deep bridge of nerve fiber known as the corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
true
endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream
true
fluid within the pleural cavity prevents friction between the pleural membranes and allows them to slide past each other during respiration
true
fluid within the pleural cavity prevents friction between the pleural membranes and allows them to slide past each other during respiration.
true
functional residual capacity is the volume of gas in the lungs at the end of a normal tidal volume exhalation.
true
heart is enclosed in a membranous sac called the pericardial sac.
true
Atomic Number
the number of protons or electrons in an atom.
Dura Mater
the outermost spinal or cranial meninx.
tunica adventitia
the outermost wall of an artery or vein
junction of two or more blood vessels is called an anastomosis.
true
Thyroid
A goiter is an enlarged ___________ gland.
Testosterone
The principal male sex hormone.
Matrix
intercellular material in connective tissue.
Taste Cells
interior of the taste bud
Phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) and phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)
intermediate products of glycolysis
Term ____ refers to the walls of a cavity.
parietal
atomic theory proposed that:
* All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. *All atoms of a given element are similar to one another but different from the atoms of other elements. *Atoms of two or more elements combine to form compounds. *A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement, separation or combination of atoms. *Atoms are never created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.
modern cell theory states that:
*cells are the basic unit of organization of all organisms. *all organisms are composed of one or more cells. *cells arise from only preexisting cells through cell division. *all existing cells are the descendants of the first cells formed early in the evolutionary history of life on earth.
Nucleus
1) a mass of nerve cell bodies and dendrites inside the central nervous system.
Lamella
1) system of membranes that connect grana in a chloroplast.
Infundibulum
1. part of the hypothalamus that connects to the pituitary gland; 2. open end of fallopian tube
thoracic vertebrae
12 vertebrae that connect with the ribs.
Purines and Pyrimdines
2 categories of nitrogen bases, which consist of a fused double ring of nine atoms.
Lamella
2) layer of concentric rings surrounding the Haversian canals.
Nucleus
2) part of an atom.
percentage of air that is oxygen is ____
21
Approximately what percent of the gas in the atmosphere is oxygen?
21%
Ionic, covalent and hydrogen
3 types of bonds
tissue that covers surfaces, protects, forms glands, and lines cavities of the body is ____.
4
percentage of urine that is water is approximately ____.
95
Addison'e Disease
A bronzing of the skin is a symptom of _______(a)______.
Acidosis
A condition caused by lowering blood Ph.
Hypothyroidism
A lack of or low level of thyroid hormone.
Cretinism
A lack of or low level of thyroid hormones in children, resulting in mental and sexual retardation.
Adrenaline/epinephrine
A neurotransmitter used by the autonomic nervous system; a hormone.
Graves' Disease
A trype of hyperthyroidism caused by over-production of thyroid hormone.
Goiter
A(n) _____(d)______ Is a disease of the thyroid gland.
Diabetes insipidus is caused from a deficiency in the hormone ____.
ADH
Diabetes Insipidus
ADH deficiency
Vasopressin
ADH helps maintain proper water balance in the body. It is also called _____(a)______.
Water
ADH inhibits the body from excreting ___________.
Myxedema
Accumulation of fluid in subcutaneous tissues.
Blank ____ transport is the transportation of materials against a concentration gradient.
Active
capsule of a joint contains which of the following?
All of the Above
Hyperparathyroidism
An abnormally high level of PTH secretion.
Thyroid Gland
An endocrine gland located along the trachea.
Thymus Gland
An endocrine gland located beneath the sternum that is also involved in immunity as a site for lymphocyte production and maturation.
Pineal Gland/Body
An endorcine gland locted in the epithalamus of the deincephalon that produces the hormone melatonin.
Hyperglycemia
Chronic elevations of glucose in the blood.
Testosterone
Anabolic steroids are varients of ____________.
Not listed
Androgens are produced by the _______(e)_____.
Muscle Bulk
Athletes use anabolic steroids to build _______ _______.
Adrenals
Atop Kidneys.
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies and provide humoral immunity, which is particularly effective against circulating bacterial and viral infections, are called ____
B lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies and provide humoral immunity, which is particularly effective against circulating bacterial and viral infections, are called ____.
B lymphocytes
Injected
Because the cannot diffuse across the intestinal lining, protein and modified amino acid hormones like insulin must be _________.
lysosomes
Blank ______ are small bodies in the cytoplasm containing powerful digestive enzymes that enhance the breakdown of cellular components
Catabolism
Blank ______ is the energy releasing process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones
anabolism
Blank ______ is the process of building larger molecules by combining smaller molecules
Apoptosis
Blank _______ is a natural process by which cells in the body die and is controlled by specific genes
tubulin
Blank _______ is the protein material that forms the microtubules and assembles at the spindal
cell cycle
Blank ___________ is a process by which a cell divides into two and duplicates its genetic material
Chloroplasts
Blank _______________ are the most common and most numerous organelles found in plant cells and cause plants to look green
Adrenal Cortex
Blank ____________is caused by a long-term excessive production of cortisol.
MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)
Darkens the skin.
Exophthalmia
Bulging of the eyeballs.
Mineral Salts
Calcium (Ca+), Phosphate (PO4-), Chloride (C1-), Sodium (Na+), and Potassium (K=)
Diabetes Insipidus
Caused by insufficient ADH resulting in excessive urination and dehydration.
biologists
Cell __________ study the anatomy and function of cellular organelles
Hormones
Chemical secretions from an endocrine gland.
flagella
Cilia and _________ are composed of fibrils that protrude from the cell and beat or vibrate
Epithelial cells that are tall and rectangular looking are called______
Columnar Cells
Corpus Callosum
Deep bridge of nerve fibers that connects the cerebral hemisphere.
nonpolar
Compounds with unpolarized bonds are called
Addison's Disease
Condition in which the adrenal cortex fails to produce enough hormones.
Cushing's Syndrome
Condition resulting form too much secretion from the adrenal cortex, resulting in obesity and puffiness in the skin.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue and glands.
Ciliary Body
Consists of smooth muscles that hold the lens of the eye in place.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Thryoxine
Contains four iodine atoms.
Pituitary Gland
Controls many glands.
Abducens Nerve VI
Controls movement of the eyeball.
Facial Nerve VII
Controls the muscles of facial expression and conveys sensations related to taste.
Protein
Covalently bonded amino acids composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Blank ____ is a chronic, inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin with symptoms of diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, fever, chills, nausea, weakness, anorexia, and weight loss
Crohn's disease
Decussation of Pyramids
Crossing of the tracts in the brain stem.
condition caused by too much secretion from the adrenal cortex, resulting in puffy skin, obesity, a moon-shaped face, and masculinizing changes in women, is known as ____.
Cushing's syndrome
Russian chemist who developed the periodic table of the elements was ____.
Dimitri Mendeleev
Diabetes Mellitus
Disease caused by a deficiency in insulin production.
Nuclear Membrane
Double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleous.
Endocrine Glands
Ducltless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
External Auditory Meatus
Ear Canal.
Cerumen
Earwax.
Bloodstream
Endocrine glands are ductless glands. This means they secrete their hormones right into the ____________.
Pancreatic Islets/Islets of Langerhans
Endocrine portion of the pancreas.
Aldosteronism
Excessive aldosterone causing high blood pressure.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Excessive melatonin in winter causing depression.
Adrenogenital Syndrome
Excessive secretion of androgens producing male characteristics in females and early enlarged penis in young males.
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst.
Auricle
External appendage of an atrium.
Parathyroid Glands
Four glands embedded in the thyroid gland.
Sensation, protection, thermoregulation and secretion
Functions of the integumentary system.
Exocrine
Have ducts
bacterium associated with the development of stomach or peptic ulcers is ____.
Helicobacter pylori
Accessory Nerve XI
Helps control swallowing and movements of the head.
Noradrenaline/Nonepinephrine
Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla.
Insulin
Hormone produced by the pancras that regulates blood glucose levels.
Melatonin
Hormone produced by the pineal gland.
Serotonin
Hormone secreted by the pineal gland that acts as a neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor.
Thymosin
Hormone secreted by the thymus gland that causes the production of T lymphocytes.
Calcitonin
Hormone secreted by the thyroid that lowers the calcium and phosphate ion concentration of the blood.
Aldosterone
Hormone that regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium exvretion by the kidneys.
Oxytocin (OT)
Hormone that stimulates contractions in the wall of the uterus, also causes milk secretion.
Cortisol/hydrocortisone
Hormone that stimulates the liver to synthesize glucose from circulating amino acids.
Three
Hormones can be classified into ________ catagories.
Grave's Disease
Hyperthyroidism
Ketones
If blood glucose decreases excessivley, fatty acids and _____(c)____ are realeased to cause acidosis?
colloid
In a _________, clumps of atoms are distributed through the medium
Solution
In a __________ individual atoms or ions of a substance are distributed throughout the medium
Hydrogen Atom
Is unique because its nucleus contains only on proton.
Important roles of water in cells:
It serves as a meduim or solvent for other reactions to occur in; It serves as a basis for the transportation of materials; it absorbs and releases heat, maintaining body tempeature; it protects; and it is the base for all body lubricants.
Glycosuria
Large amounts of sugar in the urine.
Granum
Layers of proteins, enzymes and chlorophyll make up the __________.
Calcitonin
Lowers calcium level.
Ovulation
Luteinizing hormone stimulates the __________ in the female.
Darkens
MSH increases the production of melanin and this _________ the skin.
Homeostasis
Maintaining the bodys internal environment.
Prolactin
Maintains progesterone during pregnancy.
Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)/Vasopressin
Maintains the bodys water balance.
Vasopressin
Maintains water balance.
Androgens
Male sex hormones.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Malic acid loses two hydrogens to _____________, an electron carrier of the electron transport system and two more ATP molecules are made in this step.
Membrane
Materials enter and exit the cell through the
Negative Feedback Loop
Mechanism by which hormonal systems function.
Inhibited
Negative feedback means that when a hormone reaches a certain level, the gland's secretion is _________.
Aetylcholine
Neurotransmitter Neuron
Diencephalon
One of the four major parts of the brain consisting of the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
Adrenal Cortex
Outermost part of the adrenal gland.
Cushing's System
Overproduction of hormones by the adrenal cortex can lead to _______(c)_____.
Lactating
Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the uterus and also stimulated _________.
Acini Cells
Pancreatic juice is produced by _______(a)_______.
Infundibulum
Part of the hypothalamus that connects to the pituitary gland.
What is the dense outer covering of a long bone that contains many nerve fibers and is responsible for the pain of a fracture?
Periosteum
What is the outermost covering of the shaft of a long bone?
Periosteum
macrophages of the aggregated lymphatic follicles found in the walls of the small intestine destroy bacteria and prevent the bacteria from infecting and penetrating the walls of the intestine. These aggregated follicles are also known as ____.
Peyer's patches
Anterior or Ventral Root
Point of attachment of the spinal nerve to the cord. Also known as the motor root.
Diabetes
Polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia are associated with _____(d)______.
Ovaries
Primary sex organs of the female reproductive system.
Testes
Primary sex organs of the male reproductive system that produce sperm and male sex hormones.
Releasing Inhibitory Hormones
Produced by the hypothalamus, they inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
Releasing Hormones
Produced by the hypothalamus, they stimulate the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
amino acids
Proteins are broken down by digestion into
actual contraction of the ventricles is stimulated by the:
Purkinje's fibers
Dorsal Tectum
Reflex cneter that controls the movement of the eyeballs and head in response to visual stimuli.
Glucagon
Regulates blood glucose.
Alpha Cells
Secrete the hormone glucogan.
Beta Cells
Secrete the hormone insulin, found in the pancreas.
Ductless Glands
Secretes into blood
Chief Cells
Secreting cells of the parathyroid glands.
Oxyphil Cells
Secreting cells of the parathyroid glands.
Modified Amino Acids
Simplest Hormones
Adrenal glands/suprarenal glands
Small glands found on top of each kidney.
Cortisone
Steroid closely related to cortisol given to reduce inflammation.
Lipids (fat)
Steroid hormones are soluble in _________.
Growth Hormone (GH)
Stimulates cell metabolism in most tissues of the body.
Growth Hormone
Stimulates cell metabolism.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates development of the follicles in the ovaries of females and the production of sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
Oxytocin
Stimulates lactation.
Lactogenic Hormone (LTH)/Prolactin
Stimulates milk production in the mammoary glands after delivery.
LTH
Stimulates milk production.(b)
Neurosecretion
Stimulates or inhibits hormone release.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Stimulates ovulation in the ovary and production of the female sex hormone progesterone.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete the hormone cortisol.
TSH
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce it's own hormone. (a)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce its hormone.
Functions of fat storage:
Stored chemical energy, insulator, protects internal organs,
T lymphocytes/T cells
T cells; responsible for providing cellular immunity
Thyroid
TSH stimulates the ________ gland to produce its hormone.
Albinism
The absence of skin color.
Hair, nails, sevaceous glands, ceruminous glands (ear wax glands) and sweat glands
The accesory structures of the skin
Adrenaline and Aldosterone
The adrenal medulla secretes_________; the adrenal cortex secretes a number of hormones, the most important of which is __________.
Cerebrum
The bulk of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres.
Releasing Hormones and Releasing inhibitory Hormones
The chemical signals of the hypothalamus are called _____ ______ and ______-______ _______.
Auditory or Eustachian Tube
The ear canals located in the middle ear that equalize air pressure preventing hearing distortion.
Adrenal
The gland sitting atop the kidney is the _______(b)______.
Rosalind Franklin
The first person to discover that the DNA molecule had a helical structure similar to a winding staircase.
Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum and germinativum (basale)
The five stratum layers of the epidermis.
Calcium
The hormone from the parathyroid glands funtions to balance ________ levels in the body.
Parathyroid Hormone/Parathormone (PTH)
The hormone of the parathyroid glands.
Chemical Signals (Neurotransmitters)
The hypothalamus sends directiond to the pituitary gland by _______ ________.
Pancreas, Insulin and Glucagon
The islets of Langerhans are located on the ___________, and they produce the hormones _______ and ________.
Seven
The larger of the pituitary glands procuces _________ hormones.
Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis
The major gland of the endocrine.
Cortisol and hydrocortisone
The middle layer of the adrenal cortex secretes _______, which is also known as _________.
Chief and Oxyphil
The parathyroid glands consist of ______ cells and _________ cells.
Anterior and Posterior
The pituitary gland has two lobes, the _______ and the _________ lobes.
Hypophysis
The pituitary gland is also called the ___________.
Protein
The second category of hormones is the _________ Protein hormones.
Choroid
The second layer of the wall of the eye containing blood vessels and pigment cells.
Androgens
The sex hormones secreted by the inner layer of the adrenal cortex are _________.
Amino Acids
The simplest group of hormaones is the modified ________ ________.
Immune System
The thymus gland is important in the development of _______________.
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, chromatin, nucleolus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (both rough and smooth), golgi apparatus and ribosomes.
Thirteen Structures of a Typical Eukaryotic Cell:
muscle sheaths, joint capsules and fascia
Three dense connective tissues having an irregular arrangement of embedded fibers.
White Blood Cells
Thymosin causes the production of which of the following? (a)
Muscle Tissue
Tissue that can shorten and thicken or contract.
Iodine
To properly function, the thyroid gland must have __________.
Hyperthyroidism
Too much secretion of thyroid hormone.
Tetanus is caused by the introduction of the bacterium Clostridium tetani into an open wound.
True
pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin.
True
lymphocytes
WBCs involved in the production of antibodies
eosinophils
WBCs that produce antihistamines
Basophils
WBCs that release heparin, histamine, and serotonin during an allergic reaction
Ten common substaces found in living systems.
Water, carbon dioxide gas, molecular oxygen, ammonia, mineral salts, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Adrenal Cortex
What makes up the bulk of the adrenal gland? (b)
Seasonal
__________ affective disorderr produces a type of depression.
Thyroid
Which gland needs Iodine to function correctly? (c)
Calcitonin
Which hormone is secreted by the thryoid gland ______(c)_______.
Calcium
Witamin D increases the absorption of ______(b)_______.
Transfer
_______ RNA will go into the cytoplasm and collect amino acids.
Steroid
_________ are the third kind of hormones.
P.A. Levine
a biochemist who discovered that DNA contained three main components: posphate (PO4) groups, five carbon sugars and nitrogen-containing bases called purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine)
thrombus
a blood clot
Covalent Bond
a bond in which the atoms share electrons to fill their outermost energy levels.
Ionic Bond
a bond that is formed when one atom gains electrons while the other atom loses electrons from its outermost energy level.
trapezium
a bone of the wrist, also called the greater multiangular
trapezoid
a bone of the wrist; also called the lesser multiangular.
Fracture
a break in a bone
Tract
a bundle of fibers inside the central nervous system.
Third-Degree Burns
a burn in which the epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed; also called full-thickness burn.
Second-Degree Burns
a burn that involves the epidermis and dermis; may form scars.
Carotene
a carotenoid pigment in plant cells that produces a red-orange color.
Xanthophyll
a carotenoid pigment in plant cells that produces a yellow color.
sinus/antrum
a cavity within a bone.
Microns (micrometers)
a cellular measurement equal to one thousandth of a millimeter.
Pupil
a circular opening in the iris of the eye
Endoplasmic Reticulum
a complex system of membranes that form a collection of membrane-bound cavities in a cell.
All-or-None Law
a contraction or nervous transmission either occurs or does not occur.
orbital margin
a definite ridge above each orbit.
Fovea Centralis
a depression in the retina
Glenoid fossa
a depression in the scapula for articulation with the head of the humerus.
Kinetochore
a disk of protein on the centromere.
Unsaturated
a fatty acid that contains one or more double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms.
Saturated
a fatty acid that contains only single covalent bonds.
Myelin Sheath
a fatty sheath surruonding some axons.
Haversian canals
a feature of compact bone containing capillaries, also called central canals.
Haversian/central canals
a feature of compact bone containing capillaries.
Endosteum
a fibrovascular membrane that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone
Ethyl alcohol
a final product of fermentation.
Sulci
a furrow or groove
sulcus
a furrow or groove
Urea
a harmless substance created when the liver breaks down ammonia with enzymes.
gomphosis
a joint in which a conical process fits into a socket and is held in place by ligaments.
obturator foramen
a large opening in the hip bone for passage of nerves, blood vessles and ligaments.
Stratum Granulosum
a layer of epidermis made of flattened cells containing granules.
line
a less prominent ridge of bone than a crest.
lambdoid suture
a line where the two parietal bones connect with the occipital bone.
Nucleus
a mass of nerve cell bodies and dendrites inside the central nervous system.
Solvent
a medium allowing other reactions to occur in.
Mutation
a mistake in the copying of genetic material.
Polar
a molecule with an unequal distribution of bonding electrons.
Sensory or Afferent Neuron
a neuron in contact with receptors, it detects changes in the external environment.
Dopamine and endorphins
a neurotransmitter
Adrenaline/Epinephrine
a neurotransmitter, used by the autonomic nervous system; a hormone.
Purine
a nitrogen base consisting of a fused double ring of nine atoms of carbon and nitrogen.
Purines
a nitrogen base consisting of a fused double ring of nine atoms of carbon and nitrogen.
Pyrimidine
a nitrogen base consisting of a single ring of six atoms of carbon and nitrogen.
Pyrimidines
a nitrogen base consisting of a single ring of six atoms of carbon and nitrogen.
pubis
a part of the hip bone found superior and slightly anterior to the ischium
articulation
a place of junction between two or more bones.
Keratinization
a process by which epidermal cells of the skin change shape, composition and lose water as they move to the upper layers and become mainly protein and die.
occipital condyle
a process for articulation with the first cervical vertebra.
olecranon process
a projection of the ulna known as the funny bone.
Albumin
a protein found in blood plasma that maintains osmotic pressure in blood and tissues
Keratin
a protein material.
Meiosis
a reduction division that occurs in the gonads to produce egg and sperm cells.
complement
a set of enzymes that attack foreign antigens
glycerol
a simple molecule similar to a sugar except that it has only a three-carbon chain, part of fat.
phalanx
a single bone of a finger or toe.
occipital bone
a single bone that forms the back and base of the cranium.
Frontal bone
a single bone that forms the forehead and part of the roof of the nasal cavity.
Glucose
a six-carbon sugar used in glycolysis.
Alveolus
a socket for articulation with a tooth
Nucleolus
a spherical particle within the nucleoplasm that does not have a covering membrane aroud it.
Aster
a starburst cluster of microtubules of tubulin produced by the centriole.
thromboplastin
a substance released from blood platelets that is involved in the clotting reaction
Buffer
a substance that acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions.
Acid
a substance that dissociates and forms an excess of H ions when dissoved in water.
Element
a substance whose atoms all contain the same number of protons and electrons.
Callus
a thickened area of skin developed from an excessive amount of friction.
Collagen
a tough fiber found in the matrix of connective tissue.
Messenger RNA
a type of RNA that transcribes the genetic code of a DNA molecule.
Transfer RNA
a type of RNA that translates the code of a DNA molecule that was copied by messanger RNA.
Transfer RNA
a type of RNA that translates the code of a DNA molecule that was copied by messenger RNA.
Hydrogen Bond
a type of bond that helps hold water molecules together by forming a bridge between the negative oxygen atom of one water molecule and the positive hydrogen atoms of another water molecule.
Hyaline cartilage
a type of cartilage that forms the early skeleton of the embryo.
Areolar
a type of loose connective tissue.
Ribonucleic Acid
a type of nucleic acid.
Cartilage
a type of specialized connective tissue.
condyloid joint
a type of sunovial joint, also called an ellipsoidal joint, like the wrist.
gliding joint
a type of synovial joint found in the spine.
pivot joint
a type of synovial joint, like the joint between the atlas and axis vertebrae.
hinge joint
a type of synovial joint, like the knee or elbow.
saddle joint
a type of synovial joint, the carpal metacarpal joint in the thumb.
ball-and-socket joint
a type of synovial or diarthrosis joint, also called a multiaxial joint, like the shoulder or hip joint.
Connective Tissue
a type of tissue that supports or binds.
Connective tissue
a type of tissue that supports or binds.
Nervous Tissue
a type of tissue that transmits impulses.
condition caused by excessive secretion of the growth hormone after childhood and characterized by enlarged face, hands, and feet is known as ____.
acromegaly
pharyngeal tonsils are also known as the ____.
adenoids
transfusion reaction is caused by a reaction between protein antibodies in the blood plasma and red blood cell surface molecules called antigens, resulting in the clumping of red blood cells known as ____.
agglutination
Smooth
agranular endoplasmic reticulum.
plasma protein that plays a role in maintaining osmotic pressure and water balance between blood and tissues is ____.
albumin
Mitochondria
all cells have approximately the same number of __________.
Phospholipid Layer
allows for the free passage of water molecules through the cell membrane via osmosis, active transport areas, receptor sites and identity markers for the cell.
Selectively Permeable Membrane
allows only certain materials to pass through, like water through a plasma membrane.
Fatty Acids
along with glycerol, a building block of fats.
grape-like out-pouchings located at the ends of the respiratory bronchioles are called ____.
alveoli
by-product of the breakdown of amino acids is ____.
ammonia
lordosis
an abnormal accentuated lumbar curvature.
scoliosis
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Vacuoles
an area within the cytoplasm that is surrounded by a vacuolar membrane.
Cytochrome system
an electron carrier complex.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NDA)
an electron carrier that transports two hydrogen atoms that come off each of the two PGALS in glycolysis.
Acetylcholinesterase
an enazme in the postsynaptic neuron that breaks down acetylcholine.
Pineal Gland
an endocrine gland located in the epithalamus of the diencephalon that produces the hormone melatonin
Catabolism
an energy-releasing process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones.
Anabolism
an energy-requiring process that builds larger molecules by combining smaller molecules
thrombin
an enzyme formed from prothrombin that is necessary for the clotting mechanism
Hair Follicle
an epidermal tube surrounding an individual hair.
Histamine
an inflammatory substance produced in response to allergies.
Acetaldehyde
an intermediate product of fermentation.
Reflex
an involuntary reaction to an external stimulus.
Round Window
an opening on the medial side of the middle ear that connects the middle ear to the inner ear
study of the human body's structures is known as ____.
anatomy
Basement membrane
anchors epithelial cells to each other and to underlying tissues.
Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle causes a sensation of pain in the chest, left arm, and shoulder, which is known as ____.
angina pectoris
Glycogen
animal starch.
talus
ankle bone
Cranial
another name for cephalad.
Auditory ossicles
another name for the ear bones.
Interventricular Foramen/Foramen of Monroe
another name for the foramen of Monroe
Costae
another name for the ribs
Agglutination
clumping of red blood cells
Chromosomes
are made of DNA molecules and proteins.
Sodium, Potassium and Chloride
are necessary for muscle contraction and nervous transmission.
DNA molecule
code to make a particular protein is a gene located on a
Nail Bed
area from which the nail grows.
Centrosome
area near the nucleus made of two centrioles.
Reticular Formation
area of dispersed gray matter in the medulla of the brain
Synapses
areas where the terrnimal branches of an axon are anchored close to, but not touching, the ends of the dendrites of another.
smallest arteries that deliver blood to capillaries are called
arterioles
suture
articulation in which the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue.
disease of the arteries in which cholesterol-containing masses called plaque accumulate on the inside of the arterial walls is known as:
atherosclerosis
number of protons or the number of electrons within an atom is known as the ____.
atomic number
Two upper chambers of the heart are the right & left:
atria
Hydrophilic
attracts water.
Distal
away from the point of attachment or origin.
Epithelial cells are anchored to each other and to underlying tissues by a specialized membrane called_____
basement membrane
cell
basic unit for biological organization of the human body is the
flexion
bending or decreasing the angle between bones.
group of cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that are responsible for secreting insulin are the ____.
beta cells
mitral valve is also known as the:
bicuspid valve
hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
systematic circulation
blood circulation to the body not including the lungs
cerebral circulation
blood circulatory route that supplies the brain with oxygen and nutrients, and disposes of waste
Match each term with the correct item below by typing in the corresponding letter. Marrow, neuroglia, eryth, leuko, neuron
blood formation supports red white conducting cell
Interstitial Fluid
blood plasma found in the spaces between tissue cells.
globulins
blood plasma proteins like antibodies and complement
arteries
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
veins
blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
Cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood.
Cardiovascular System
body system consisting of the heart and vessels that pump and distribute blood to and from all cells.
soft mass of chewed food ready to be swallowed is known as (a) ____
bolus
osteoclasts
bone cells present in almost all cavities of bone responsible for reabsorbing bone during remodeling.
hyoid bone
bone that supports the tongue.
Dentin
bone-like substances found in teeth.
sesamoid bones
bones enclosed in a tendon and fascial tissue, located adjacent to joints.
tarsal bones
bones of the ankle.
metacarpal bones
bones of the palm of the hand.
metatarsals
bones of the sole of the foot; form the arch of the foot.
Carpals
bones of the wrist
lacrimal bones
bones that make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye; contains the tear sac.
Coracoid process
bony projection on the scapula that functions as an attachment for muscles that move the arm.
Acromial process
bony prominence on the scapula
left bundle branch
branch of the bundle of His; part of the conduction system of the heart
right bundle branch
branch of the bundle of His; part of the conduction system of the heart
Pons Varolii
bridge that connects the spinal cord with the brain and parts of the brain with each other
superior (anterior) vena cava
brings blood from the upper parts of the body to the right atrium of the heart
inferior (posterior) vena cava
brings blood to the heart from the lower parts of the body; also called posterior vena cava
Inflammation of the bronchi, which causes swelling of the mucous membrane lining of the bronchial tubes, is called ____.
bronchitis
Random collision of diffusing molecules is called ____.
brownian movement
mouth or oral cavity can also be called the ____.
buccal cavity
A substance that acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions, donating them to a solution when their concentration falls and taking the hydrogen ions from a solution when their concentration rises, is known as a(n) ____.
buffer
atrioventricular bundle / bundle of his
bundle of His; part of the conduction system of the heart running through the top of the interventricular septum
atrioventricular bundle is also called the ____.
bundle of his
Nerve
bundle of nerve cells or fibers.
Full-Thickness Burns
burn in which the epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed; also called a third-degree burn.
First-Degree Burns
burn involving just the epidermis and heals with no scarring.
active form of vitamin D is known as ____.
calciferol
hormone that lowers the calcium and phosphate ion concentration of the blood by inhibiting the release of calcium phosphate ions from the bones and by increasing the excretion of these ions by the kidneys is ____.
calcitonin
Volkmann's/perforating canals
canals that run horizontally to the Haversian canals
Carcinogens
cancer-causing agents.
metephases
cancerous cells that have left the tumor site and have traveled to other parts of the body is known as
one cell-thick, microscopic vessels that connect arterioles with the venules are known as:
cappilaries
Cellulose
carbohydrate material that makes the cell wall of plant cells, fiber in our diet.
Match each term with the correct item below by typing in the corresponding letter.
carbon ionic bond water covalent bond acid
Blood returning to the lungs is high in ____.
carbon dioxide
one heart beat is known as:
cardiac cycle
Xanthophyll and carotene
carotenoid pigments are _______ and ________.
carotene
carotenoid pigments are xanthophyll and ________
left pulmonary artery
carries blood to the left lung
right pulmonary artery
carries blood to the right lung
An enzyme that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being affected by the reaction is known as a(n) ____.
catalyst
purkinje;s fibers / conduction myofibers
cause actual contractions of the ventricles; they emerge from the bundle branches
Corns
caused by abrasion on bony prominences on the foot.
Cisternae
cavities of an endoplasmic reticulum that are sac or channel-like.
Ventricles
cavities within the brain that connect with each other
Cranial Cavity
cavity containing the brain.
Spinal Cavity
cavity containing the spinal cord.
Thirteen Structures of a Typical Eukaryotic Cell:
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, chromatin, nucleolus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (both rough and smooth), golgi apparatus and ribisomes.
osteoblasts
cells involved in the formation of bony tissue.
Chondrocyte
cells of cartilage.
Melanocytes
cells responsible for producing melanin.
Pseudostratified epithelium
cells that have a layered appearance but actually extend from the basement membrane to the outer free surface.
Prokaryotic
cells withoug organelles are called ____________.
immunity provided by the T lymphocytes, effective against fungi, parasites, intracellular viral infections, cancer cells, and foreign tissue implants, is known as ____.
cellular immunity
cristae
cellular respiration takes place on the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria, these folds are called
medullary cavity
center of the shaft of long bone filled with yellow bone marrow.
blood circulatory route that supplies the brain with oxygen and nutrients and disposes of waste is called ____.
cerebral circulation
Another name for earwax is ____.
cerumen
Ion
charged atom.
Carbon Dioxide
chemical produced as a waste product of cellular respiration.
plaque
cholesterol-containing masses
second layer of the eye, which contains blood vessels and pigment cells, is known as the ____.
choroid
Lymph in the lacteals of the small intestine that appears milky because of the fat content is called ____.
chyle
digested, viscous, semi-fluid contents of the small intestine are known as ____.
chyme
fetal circulation
circulation route that exists only between the developing fetus and its mother
Match each statement with the correct item below by typing in the corresponding letter. endothelium, connective tissue, mucous membrane, mesothelium, glandular
circulatory type of tissue lines digestive cavities forms glands
pulmonary circulation
circulatory route that goes from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
long-term degenerative disease of the liver in which the lobes are covered with fibrous connective tissue is called ____.
cirrhosis
Squamous, cuboidal and columnar
classification of epithelial cells based on their shape.
Stratum Lucidum
clear layer of epidermis.
bursae
closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining
Bursae
closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining.
thrombosis
clotting in an unbroken blood vessel
Clavicle
collar bone
Cancer of the large intestine and rectum is known as ____.
colorectal cancer
Iris
colored part of the eye
cellulose
complex carbohydrate, or fiber, synthesized bu golgi bodies is known as
Nucleotides
complex molecules made up of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base; the building blocks of nucleic acids.
Nucleotides
complex molecules made up of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base; the building blocks of nucliec acid.
Skeletal System
composed of bones, cartilage, and the membranous structures associated with bones.
Mineral Salts
composed of small ions, they are essential for the survival and functioning of the body's cells.
nonpolar
compounds that do not readily dissolve in water are ______________.
Nonpolar
compounds with unpolorized bonds.
kyphosis
condition commonly referred to as hunchback.
system within the heart that generates & distributes electrical impulses over the heart to stimulate cardiac muscles fibers or cells to contract is known as the:
conduction system
Somatic Nervous System
conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscles, causing us to respond tor react to changes in our external environment.
Autonomic Nervous System
conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue and glands.
when the heart does not develope properly & heart disease is present at birth, the condition is called:
congenital heart disease
chordae tendineae
connect the pointed ends of the flaps or cusps to the papillary muscles in the ventricles of the heart
yellow bone marrow
connective tissue consisting of fat cells.
Ligaments
connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.
ligaments
connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.
Cerebral Aqueduct/Aqueduct of Sylvius
connects the third and fourth ventricles of the brain.
Atom
consists of a nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutral neutrons.
ATP molecule
consists of a ribose sugar, adenine, and three phosphate groups. The energy of the molecule is stored in the second and third phosphate groups.
Afferent Peripheral System
consists of aggerrent or sensory neurons that convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
consists of all the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors, muscles and glands.
Cell body
contains the nucleus of a neuron.
Parietal Lobe
control center in the brain for evaluating sensory information of touch, pain, balance, taste, and temperature
nucleus
control center of the cell
Trochlear Nerve IV
controls movement of the eyeball and conveys impulses related to muscle sense
Oculomotor Nerve III
controls movements of the eyeball and upper eyelid and conveys impulses related to muscle sense
Vagus Nerve X
controls skeletal muscle movements in the pharynx, larynx, and palate
Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
controls swallowing and carries taste impulses
Hypoglossal Nerve XII
controls the muscles involved in speech and swallowing; its sensory fibers conduct impulses for muscle sense
Co-enzyme A
converts acetic acid to acetyl-CoA.
Ventral Cerebral Penduncles
convey impulses from the cerebral cortex to the pons and spinal cord
Optic Nerve II
conveys impulses related to sight
Olfactory Nerve I
conveys impulses related to smell
cristae
convolutions of the inner membrane of the mitochondria are called
arteries that branch off the ascending aorta to supply the heart with oxygenated blood are the:
coronary arteries
disease that results from reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries that supply the myocardium of the heart is known as ____.
coronary heart disease
muscle tissue of the atria & ventricle is seperated by connective tissue; a groove called the _________________________ separates the atria from the ventricles
coronary sulcus
Peptide Bonds
covalent bonds that form between different amino acids to form proteins.
chromatin
dark threads in nucleus.
infarction
death of tissues
Acetabulum
deep socket on the lateral side of the hipbone just above the obturator foramen.
elimination from the body of indigestible substances that cannot be absorbed is known as ____.
defecation
Metastasize
defective cancerous cells spread to other parts of the body.
term used for swallowing is ____.
deglutition
excessive loss of water caused by bouts of diarrhea can lead to a serious condition known as ____.
dehydration
tendons
dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
Tentons
dense connective tissue that attaches muscles to bone.
Tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses
dense connective tissues that have a regular arrangement of embedded fibers.
condition of the pituitary gland due to a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in which an individual produces 20 to 30 liters of urine daily and can become severely dehydrated is known as ____
diabetes insipidus
condition of the pituitary gland due to a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in which an individual produces 20 to 30 liters of urine daily and can become severely dehydrated is known as ____.
diabetes insipidus
common condition of the endocrine system in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, resulting in chronic elevations of glucose in the blood, is known as ____.
diabetes mellitus
When the mucosa of the colon is unable to maintain its usual levels of water absorption and secretes larger than normal amounts of water, ions, and mucus in the feces, the condition is known as ____.
diarrhea
relaxation phase
diastole
Isotopes
different kinds of atoms of the same element.
Match each item with the correct statement below by typing in the corresponding letter.
diffusion ion compound osmosis atoms
breakdown of food by both mechanical and chemical mechanisms is known as ____.
digestion
Phagocytic
discribing the process by which a cell eats debris and microorganisms.
fibrinolysis
dissolution of a blood clot
mutation
distribution of the exact copying of the genetic code during cellular division, producing a genetic variation to a parent cell is called
presence of pouch-like herniations through the muscular layer of the colon, particularly the sigmoid colon, is known as ____.
diverticulosis
coronary sinus
drains the blood from most of the vessels that supply the walls of the heart with blood
Endocrine Glands
ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Endocrine glands
ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Chromatids
duplicated copies of a chromosome.
Anton von Leeuvenhoek
dutch naturalist that observed living cells in pond water. Describing the cells as animalcules, meaning little animals.
Too little growth hormone secreted before puberty, as a result of abnormal development of the pituitary gland, results in a condition known as ____.
dwarfism
Incus
ear bone referred to as the anvil
incus
ear bone referred to as the anvil.
Malleus
ear bone referred to as the hammer
malleus
ear bone referred to as the hammer.
Stapes
ear bone referred to as the stirrup
stapes
ear bone referred to as the stirrup.
Tympanic Membrane
eardrum
Kupffer's cells
eat bacteria and old white and red blood cell; found in the liver.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), Quinone and the cytochrome system.
electron carriers that participate in the electron transport (transfer) process.
Molecules that furnish electrons during a chemical reaction are called ___
electron donors
Two upper chambers of the heart are the right & left:
elephantiasis
What bone of the skull forms the forehead?
frontal
Protects underlying tissue, absorbs, secretes and excretes
functions of epithelial tissue.
Maturation
functions of hormones does not include _____(d)______
pear-shaped sac about three to four inches long that stores and concentrates bile until it is needed in the small intestine is the ____.
gallbladder
Nodes of Ranvier/Neurofibral nodes
gaps in the myelin sheath.
conduction system
generates and distributes electrical impulses over the heart to stimulate cardiac muscle fibers or cells to contract
DNA
genetic material located within the nucleus of the cell that determines all the cells functions and characteristics is
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
genetic material of cells located in the nucleous of the cell that determines all the functions and characterristics of the cell.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
genetic material of cells located in the nucleus of the cell that determines all function and characteristics of the cell.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
genetic material of cells located in the nucleus of the cell that determines all the functions and characteristics of the cell.
Thymus
gland Crucial to the immune system is the _____(b)____.
Pineal
gland responsible for the secretion of melatonin is the ______(e)______.
Adrenal
gland that secretes cortisol is the _____(d)_____.
Compound exocrine glands
glands made of several lobules with branching ducts.
Exocrine glands
glands that have ducts.
Sebaceous Glands
glands that secrete sebum.
Simple exocrine glands
glands with ducts that do not branch.
condition caused by excessive pressure buildup in the aqueous humor, which can constrict blood vessels entering the eye, is known as ____.
glaucoma
Which of the following represents the proper sequence of flow for materials through the kidney?
glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct
hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas that is responsible for stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose when blood sugar levels are extremely low is ____.
glucagon
Excess glucose and other monosaccharides can be stored in the liver as animal starch, which is called ____.
glycogen
medical term for an excessive amount of glucose (sugar) in the urine is ____.
glycosuria
Rough
granular endoplasmic reticulum.
thylakoid
granum is made of a stack of individual double membranes called a
pituitary gland, considered the "master gland" of the endocrine system, is also called the ____
hypophysis
Pituitary Gland
hypophysis; the major gland of the endocrine system
part of the brain that controls our feelings of rage and aggression, contains the body's thirst center, and maintains waking and sleeping patterns is the ____.
hypothalamus
ability of the body to resist infection from disease-causing microorganisms or pathogens, damage from foreign substances, and harmful chemicals is known as ____.
immunity
Prophase II
in each of the two daughter cells produced in the first meiotic division, the nuclear membrane disappear but no dupliction of DNA occurs.
hyperextension
increases the joint angle beyond the atomic position.
extension
increasing the angle between bones.
Thylakoid
individual double membranes that make up a granum in a chloroplast.
Inadequate blood flow to the heart can cause an area of damaged vardiac tissue is known as a:
infarct
condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, which affects the lymphocytes and the salivary glands, resulting in sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and fever, is known as ____.
infectious mono
Foramen magnum
inferior portion of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord connects with the brain.
Veins draining the lower parts of the body merge into a larger vein, which then transports the blood to the right atrium of the heart; this larger vein is the ____.
inferior vena cava
Match each term with the correct item below by typing in the corresponding letter. histomine
inflammatory substance cells of cartilage antico formation of bone light brown subs
sinoatrial (SA) node / pacemaker
initiates each cardiac cycle and sets the pace for the heart rate; also called pacemaker
Retina
innermost layer of the eye
endocardium
innermost layer of the heart wall, including epithelial cells that line the heart
Endocardium
innermost layer of the heart wall, including epithelial cells that line the heart.
serous pericardium
innermost layer of the pericardial sac
Diabetes mellitus is caused from a deficiency in the hormone ____
insulin
condition caused by nutritional deficiencies or from excessive iron loss from the body, resulting in lower than normal erythrocyte production, is known as ____.
iron-deficiency anemia
Compound
is a combination of the atoms of two or more elements.
Down syndrome
is a congenital defect commonly caused by an extra chromosome 21.
Prophase I
the first stage of the first meiotic division.
Active Transport
mechanism requiring energy by which cells acquire materials against a concentration gradient.
Tay-Sachs disease
is caused by a genetic recessive trait found mainly in Jewish families of eastern European origin. It is a neurodegenerative disorder of lipid metabolism caused by a lack of the enzyme hexosaminidase A, resulting in a buildup of sphingolipids.
ascending aorta
leaves the left ventricle of the heart
type of cancer in which there is an abnormal, excessive production of white blood cells is known as ____
leukemia
Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane
is made up of a double phospholipid layer with proteins embedded in the phospholipid layer.
Calcium
is needed for muscle contraction and strong bones.
Phosphate
is needed to make ATP.
Cell
is the basic unit of biologic organization. It is composed of a fluid meduim called protoplasm surrounded by a cell or plasma membrane.
right ventricle
lower chamber of the heart
condition of the lymphatic system evidenced by inflammation of the lymphatic vessels with accompanying red streaks visible in the skin is called,
isotonic
individual who developed the atomic theory was ____.
john dalton
syndesmosis
joint in which bones are connected by ligaments between the bones.
synchondrosis
joint in which two bony surfaces are connected by hyaline cartilage.
synarthroses
joints between bones that do not allow movement.
symphysis
joints in which the bones are connected by a disc of fibrocartilage.
amphiarthroses
joints that allow only slight movement.
anastomosis
junction of two or more blood vessels
lymphocytes that kill virus-invaded and cancerous body cells and are also involved in graft rejections are the ____.
killer T cells
Osmosis
kind of diffusion that pertains only to the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
patella
kneecap
Histiocytes
large, stationary phagocytic cells.
tibia
larger of the two bones forming the lower leg.
humerus
largest and longest bone of the upper arm.
aorta
largest artery in the body
monocytes
largest leukocytes; phagocytize bacteria and dead cells; histiocytes; macrophages
Trigeminal Nerve V
largest of the cranial nerves; controls chewing movements
squamous portion
largest part of the temporal bone.
pharynx is divided into three portions, the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the ____
laryngopharynx
Fibula
lateral calf bone
fascia
layer of areolar tissue covering the whole muscle of trunk.
Fascia
layer of areolar tissue covering the whole muscle trunk.
lamella
layer of concentric rings surrounding the Haversian canals.
Strata (Stratum)
layers.
Synovial membranes
line the cavities of freely moving joints.
Synovial Membrane
line the cavities of freely moving joints; produce synovial fluid.
Ependymal Cells
line the fluid-filled ventrils of the brain; produce and move cerebral fluid through the CNS.
sagittal suture
line where the two parietal bones join superiorly.
Mucous membrane/epitheluim
lines the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts; produces mucus.
Serous tissue
lines the great cavities of the body that have no opening to the outside; also called mesothelium.
protoplasm
liquid portion of a cell is the
Animalcules
little animals.
organ that produces bile salts that break down fats is the ____.
liver
Insula
lobe in the brain that separates the cerebrum into frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
mastoid portion of temporal bone
located behind and below the auditory meatus or opening of the ear; part of the temporal bone.
subfascial bursae
located between muscles.
wormian/sutural bones
located within the sutures of the cranial bones.
Flagella
long fibers that push a cell, like the flagellum of a sperm cell.
fibrin
long threads that form a clot
meatus/canal
long tube-like passage.
Microtubules
long, hollow cylinders made of tubulin.
ulna
longer, medial bone of the forearm
prominent fissure that separates the cerebrum into right and left halves or hemispheres is the ____.
longitudinal fissure
Adipose
loose connective tissue full of fat cells.
Acidosis
low blood sugar level can cause ____(a)_______.
sacral vertebrae
lower part of the vertebral column that forms the sacrum.
depression
lowering a part of the body.
Inferior
lowermost or below
Match each statement with the correct item below by typing in the corresponding letter. sebum, lunula, melanin, shaft, cyanosis
lubriucates white cresent skin pigment visible blue
Arteries have walls made of three coats or tunics surrounding a hollow core known as a ____.
lumen
condition of the lymphatic system evidenced by inflammation of the lymphatic vessels with accompanying red streaks visible in the skin is called ____.
lymphangitis
condition of the lymphatic system evidenced by inflammation of the lymphatic vessels with accompanying red streaks visible in the skin is called,
lymphangitis
Chemicals released by sensitized T lymphocytes to keep us healthy are known as ____.
lymphokines
tumor of lymphatic tissue that is usually malignant is called a(n) ____.
lymphoma
Cells that engulf and digest antigens are called ____
macrophages
Cells that engulf and digest antigens are called ____.
macrophages
Carbohydrates
made of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Smooth muscle
made of spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus and no striations.
Water
main component of cytoplasm is
Homeostasis
maintaining the bodys internal environment.
heart
major pumping organ of the cardiovascular system
maxillary bones
make up the upper jaw.
carcinoma
malignant tumor developing from epithelial tissue is called a
Loose connective tissue cells that function in the production of heparin and histamine are ______
mast cells
Hypothalamus
master gland is controlled by the _____(c)______.
Osteocytes
mature bone cells.
Sebum
oily substance that lubricates the skin's surface.
Simple epithelium
one cell-layer thick.
ABO Blood Group
one of the blood groups
Rh blood group
one of the blood groups
navicular
one of the bones of the wrist, also called scaphoid
Brainstem
one of the four major parts of the brain; it connects the brain to the spinal cord.
left ventricle
one of the lower chambers of the heart
Hair
one of the main characteristics of mammals.
Oval Window
one of the two openings in the middle ear
left atrium
one of the upper chambers of the heart
right atrium
one of the upper chambers of the heart
Foramen
opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves and/or ligaments pass.
area of the retina where the nerve fibers leave the eye is known as the ____.
optic disk
Chlorophyll
organelles for photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts
organelles found only in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs; contain the pigment chlorophyll.
Stratum Corneum
outermost layer of epidermis, consisting of dead cells.
epicardium / visceral pericardium
outermost layer of the heart wall
Epicardium/Visceral Pericardium
outermost layer of the heart wall.
fibrous pericardium
outermost layer of the pericardial sac
Sclera
outermost layer of the wall of the eye
Cuticle
outermost portion of the hair.
supraorbital ridge
overlies the frontal sinus and can be felt in the middle of the forehead.
S-A node, which initiates each cardiac cycle & sets the pace for the heart rate, is also known as the:
pacemaker
tonsils commonly removed in a tonsillectomy are the ____.
palatine tonsils
projections on the tongue that produce its rough surface are known as ____.
papillae
embolus
piece of blood clot that dislodges and gets transported by the bloodstream
heme
pigment in hemoglobin
Melanin
pigment responsible for variations in skin color.
Cleavage furrow
pinching in of an animal cell membrane during cell division.
Melatonin/Seratonin
pineal gland secretes which two substances? (a)
Epiphyseal line
place where longitudinal growth of bone takes place.
Frontal
plane dividing anterior and posterior portions of the body at right angles to the sagittal plane.
Horizontal
plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions. (Transverse plane.)
Midsagittal
plane verrtically dividing the body into equal right and left portions.
liquid portion of blood is ____.
plasma
fibrinogen
plasma protein
prothrombin
plasma protein produced by the liver that is involved in blood clotting
leucoplasts
plastid in plant cells that contains no pigment but stores sugar or starch.
thrombocytes / platelets
platelets; blood cells involved in blood clotting
space between the two layers of the pleura, which contains a lubricating fluid that decreases friction between the membranes during the breathing process, is called the ____.
pleural cavity
double-folded serous membrane that encloses and protects the lungs is the ____.
pleural membrane
folds of the mucosa of the small intestine, which increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients, are called ____.
plicae
medical term for excessive thirst is ____.
polydipsia
medical term for excessive eating (eating abnormally large amounts of food) is ____.
polyphagia
medical term for excessive increase in urine production is ____.
polyuria
Centromere
portion of a duplicated chromosome that hold the two daughter chromatids together.
Mitochondria
powerhouses of the cell is the
Four types of protein structure based on bonding:
primary (amino acid sequences), Secondary (based on hydrogen bonds between amino acids, causing coiling), Tertiary (secondary folding based on sulfur atoms), and quaternary (based on spatial relationships between units).
Cortex
principal portion of the hair.
Oligodendroglia
probide support by forming semirigid connective-like tissue rows between neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Also called oligodendrocytes.
Cell cycle
process by which a cell divides in two and duplicates its genetic material.
Phosphorylation
process by which a phosphate is added to a molecule.
photosynthesis
process by which green plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy and food for use is known as
Transcription
process by which messenger RNA copies the genetic code in a DNA molecule.
Translation
process by which transfer RNA reads the code on messenger RNA and gets the amino acids to make a protein.
fermentation
process by which yeast cells break down glucose in the absence of oxygen is known as
Mitosis
process in which nuclear material is exactly replicated.
Fermentation
process in which yeast breaks down glucose anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen)
Thymus
production of T lymphocytes is done in the _____d)______.
Spermatogenesis
production of sperm.
Papillae
projections of the lamina propria covered with epithelium; produces the rough surface of the tongue
Enzyme
protein catalysts.
Tubulin
protein fibers that make up the spindle during cell division.
globin
protein in hemoglobin
Primary structure
protein structure based on amino acid sequence.
Secondary Structure
protein structure determined by hydrogen bonds between amino acids, resulting in a helix or a pleated sheet.
Quaternary Structure
protein structure determined by spatial relationships between amino acids.
Tertiary Structure
protein structure with a secondary folding.
arteries that transport deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs to release carbon dioxide & pick up oxygen are the:
pulmonary arteries
oxygenated blood losses carbon dioxide in the lungs & picks up oxygen & returns to the left atrium of the heart via the four pulmonary veins in a circulation route called:
pulmonary circulation
opening in the center of the colored part of the eye, which allows light to enter the eye, is known as the ____.
pupil
planter flexion
pushing the foot down at the ankle joint.
elevation
raising a part of the body.
dorsiflexion
raising the foot up at the ankle joint.
Dendrites
receptive areas of the neuron; extensions of the nerve cell body.
erythrocytes (RBCs)
red blood cells (RBCs)
Erythrocytes
red blood cells. (RBCs)
myeloid tissue / red bone marrow
red bone marrow; produce blood cells by hematopoiesis
hemoglobin
red pigment in erythrocytes
Prokaryotic
refers to cells that do not have membrane bound organelles, such as bacteria.
Eukaryotic
refers to higher cells, like those of the human body, with membrane-bound organelles.
Visceral
refers to the covering of an organ.
Parietal
refers to the walls of a cavity.
Stratum Germinativum
regenerative layer of epidermis, lowermost layer.
Hydrophobic
repels water.
Aerobic
requires oxygen
overall exchange of gases between the atmosphere, the blood, and the cells is known as ____.
respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
respiration that does not require oxygen
Repolarization
restoration of electrical charge.
Glucagon
secretion that regulates the blood sugar level is ______(c)______.
valves that prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the ascending aorta & the pulmonary artery are the:
semilunar
valves that prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery are the ____.
semilunar valves
arches of the aorta
sends arteries to upper parts of the body
Olfactory Sense
sense of smell
Bipolar Neurons
sensory neurons that consist of one dendrite and one axon.
Taste Buds
sensory structures that detect taste stimuli
posterior interventricular sulcus
separates the left and right ventricles externally
anterior interventricular sulcus
separates the right and left ventricles from each other
interventricular septum
separates the right and left ventricles of the heart
medical term for blood poisoning, which is caused by an infection of microorganisms and their toxins in the blood, is ____.
septicemia
clear, yellowish liquid that is seen after a clot forms is called ____
serum
Stratified epithelium
several layers of cells thick.
Transitional epithelium
several layers of closely packed, flexible, easily stretched cells; appear flat when stretched and saw-toothed when relaxed.
Visible portion of the hair is the?
shaft
Diaphysis
shaft composed mainly of compact bone.
radius
shorter, lateral bone of the forearm.
scapula
shoulder blade
Crenulate means to ____.
shrivel up
interphase
significant stage of the cell cycle in which the cell is growing, metabolizing and maintaining itself and is not dividing is known as the
Sweat Glands
simple tubular glands found in most parts of the body that secrete sweat.
Glucose and Fructose
six-carbon sugars.
Malignant Melanoma
skin cancer associated with a mole on the skin.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
skin cancer in the epidermis.
arterioles
small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
lysosomes
small bodies in the cytoplasm that contain powerful digestive enzymes that enhance the breakdown of cellular components are called
Lysosomes
small bodies in the cytoplasm that contain powerful digestive enzymes that enhance the breakdown of cellular components.
Canaliculi
small canals in compact bone that connect lacunae with one another.
Microglial Cells
small cells that protect the central nervous system by engulfing and destroying microbes like bacteria and cellular debris.
papillary muscles
small conical projections on the inner surface of the ventricles
Cilia
small hairs found on cells that function in movement of materials across the cells outer walls.
Approximately 80% of all absorption of nutrients occurs in the ____.
small intestine
Mitochondrion
small oblong-shaped structure composed of two membranes. The powerhouse of the cell where ATP is made.
Cellulae
small rooms.
tubercle
small round process on a bone
Pleural Cavities
small space between the pleural membranes.
venules
small vessels that connect capillaries to veins
Fibroblasts
small, flattened cells with large nuclei and reduced cytoplasm that produce fibrin in connective tissue.
Fontanelle
soft spot on top of a baby's head.
osteomalacia
softening of bone.
Isotonic Solution
solution in which water molecules diffuse into and out of a cell membrane at equal rates, as in normal saline solution.
Hypotonic Solution
solution in which water molecules will move into a cell and the cell will swell, as in pure distilled water.
Hypertonic Solution
solution in which water molecules will move out of a cell and the cell will shrink, as in a 5% salt solution.
formation of the male sex cells, or sperm, is called ____.
spermatogenesis
mature sperm cells, produced at a rate of 300 million per day, are also called ____.
spermatozoa
Stratum Spinosum
spiny or prickly layer of epidermis.
single largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body is the ____.
spleen
Granum
stacks of membranes found in chloroplasts.
Telophase I
stage in meiosis in which the homologous chromosome pairs have separated with a member of each pair at opposite ends of the spindle.
Metaphase II
stage in meiosis in which the spindle fibers bind to both sides of the centromere.
Metaphase I
stage in meiosis in which the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore only on the outside of each centromere.
Telophase II
stage in meiosis that produces four haploid daughter cells, each containing one-half of the genetic material of the original parent cell.
Anaphase I
stage of meiosis in which the centromere does not divide
anaphase II
stage of meiosis in which the centromeres of the chromosome divide is called
Anaphase II
stage of meiosis in which the centromeres of the chromosomes divide.
Astrocytes
star-shaped cells that twine around nerve cells to form a supporting network in the brain and spinal cord.
Pyruvic acid
the final product of glycolysis.
Prophase
the first phase of mitosis.
Intercalated disks
structures that connect the branches of cardiac muscle cells with one another.
Organelles
structures within the protoplasm.
Hypodermis
subcantaneous tissue.
Catalyst
substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being affected by that reaction.
Solute
substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Lipids
substances that are insoluble in water like fats.
Veins draining the head and arms merge into a larger vein, which then transports the blood to the right atrium of the heart; this larger vein is the
superior vena cava
Veins draining the head and arms merge into a larger vein, which then transports the blood to the right atrium of the heart; this larger vein is the ____.
superior vena cava
coronary circulation
supplies blood to the myocardium of the heart
coronary arteries
supply the walls of the heart with oxygenated blood
lymphocytes that slow down the activities of B and T cells once the infection is controlled are the ____.
suppressor T cells
Cerebral Cortex
surface of the cerebrum.
Caffeine functions in the same way as the ____ division of the autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic
Coronal
synonymous with frontal.
Caudal
synonymous with inferior; toward the tail.
These are freely moving joints enclosed in a capsule.
synovial joint
This structure in a synovial joint produces synovial fluid for lubrication and nourishment.
synovial membrane
circulation of blood to all organs of all the systems of the body is known as:
systemic circulation
contraction phrase of the heartbeat is called:
systolic
Periodic Table
table that arranges the elements in such a way that similar properties repeat at periodic intervals.
Fluid Mosaic Pattern
term used to describe the arrangement of protein and phospholipid molecules in a plasma or cell membrane.
Chromatin
term used to describe the genetic material inside a nucleus before duplication.
metabolism
term used to describe the total chemical changes that occur inside a cell is
head
terminal enlargement.
Nucleoplasm
that protoplasm inside the nucleous of a cell.
Carboxyl Group
the COOH group found in amino acids and fatty acids.
Hydroxyl Group
the OH group of sugars.
Energy
the ability to do work.
Electron transfer/transport system
the aerobic mechanism of respiration which produces most of the ATP molecules from the breakdown of glucose.
Horns
the areas of gray matter in the spinal cord.
pulmonary trunk
the artery that leaves the right ventricle
phalanges
the bones of the fingers and toes.
sternum
the breastbone.
Lens
the crystalline part of the eye
Capitate, hamate, lunate, pisiform, scaphoid/navicular, triquetral, trapezium and trapezoid
the eight carpal bones.
Carbon
the element found in all living matter.
Axon Terminals
the endings of axons.
Cellular respiration/metabolism
the energy changes that occur in cells.
Crossing-over
the exchange of genetic material during prophase I of meiosis.
autolysis
the expulsion of lysosomes enzymes into cell cytoplasm is know as ________________.
Epiphysis
the extremity of a long bone
Tetrad
the figure formed by the lining up of homologous chromosomes consisting of four chromotids in meiosis.
Lactic acid
the final product of anaerobic production of ATP in muscle cells.
Glycolysis
the first step in cellular respiration in which a glucose molecule gets broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid; does not require oxygen; occurs in the cytoplasm.
citric acid, Alpha-ketoglutaric acid, succinic acid, malic acid and oxaloacetic acid.
the five intermediate products of citric acid cycle
lumbar vertebrae
the five vertebrae of the lower back.
plasma
the fluid part of blood
Cristae
the folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
Endochondral ossification
the formation of bone in a cartilagenous environment
Gametogenesis
the formation of the gametes.
Mucous membrane, glandular epithelium, endothelium and mesothelium
the four epithelial tissues classified by function.
Simple, stratified, pseudostratified and transitional
the four most common arrangements of epithelial cells are __________, ___________,__________ and ____________.
Diploid
the full complement of chromosomes.
Not Listed
the functions of the reproductive system are inhibited by ____(e)_____.
Nucleic Acid
the genetic material of a cell, either DNA or RNA.
Cortex
the gray matter on the surface of the brain.
Calcaneus
the heel
tunica intima
the innermost layer of the wall of an artery or vein
Pia Mater
the innermost spinal or cranial meninx.
Actin and myosin
the interaction of these two proteins in a muscle cell allow a muscle to contract.
Membrane or Resting Potential
the ionic and electrical charge around a nerve fiber that is not transmitting an impulse.
Reticular Portion
the layer of the dermis between the papillary portion and the subcutaneous tissue beneath.
Papillary Portion
the layer of the dermis that is adjacent to the epidermis.
Energy Levels
the levels in which electrons are grouped.
Synapsis
the lining up of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.
Protoplasm
the liquid part of a cell
Protoplasm
the liquid part of a cell.
Axon
the long extension of a nerve cell body.
Axon
the long extension of a nerve cell body; a neuron has only one axon.
neck
the part of a bone that connects the head or terminal enlargement to the rest of a long bone.
abdominal aorta
the part of the aorta located in the abdomen
Nail Root
the part of the nail body attached to the nail bed.
Orbital
the paths that electrons travel in an energy level.
Reflex Arc
the pathway that results in a reflex.
Cytokinesis
the phase of cell division in which division and duplication of the cytoplasm occur.
Peristalsis
the physical movement or pushing food along the digestive tract.
Golgi Apparatus
the points of collection for compounds to be secreted are the _________ ____________.
Ethmoid bone
the principal supporting structure of the nasal cavities; forms part of the orbits.
phagocytosis
the process in which phagocytes eat cellular debris and other substances
Autolysis
the process of self-destruction in old or weakened cells
Cytoplasm
the protoplasm outside the nucleus of a cell.
Brownian Movement
the random collision of diffusing molecules.
Cerebral Hemisphere
the right and left halves of the cerebrum.
metabolism
total chemical changes that occur inside a cell is called
Concerning the effect of temperature on diffusion, the higher the temperature, the faster the movement.
true
Consistent mental activity leads to mental alertness and a healthy brain.
true
Deepest, most important layer of the skin, which contains the only cells of the epidermis that are capable of dividing by mitosis, is the stratum germinativum or the stratum basale.
true
Dr. Charles Drew, an African-American scientist, is best known for his research on blood plasma and was the director of the first American Red Cross Blood Bank
true
Chemistry
the science that studies the elements, their compounds, the chemical reactions that occur between elements and compounds and the molecular structure of all matter.
Thalamus
the second part of the diencephalon
Axis
the second vertebra
Posterior or Dorsal Root
the sensory root containing only sensory nerve fibers.
Cervical Vertebrae
the seven smallest vertebrae found in the neck.
Cuboid, calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms (medial(I), intermediate(II), lateral(III).
the seven tarsal bones of the ankle.
Molecule
the smallest combination or particle retaining all the properties of a compound.
Atoms
the smallest particle of an element that maintains all the characteristics of that element.
Mediastinum
the space between the lungs.
Flagellum
the sperm cell has a(n) __________ to propel it.
Krebs citric acid cycle
the step after glycolysis that takes place in the mitochondria during which pyruvic acid gets broken down into carbon dioxide gas and water; requires oxygen.
mandible bone
the strongest and longest bone of the face; forms the lower jaw.
ischium
the strongest portion of the hip bone.
Pathology
the study of diseases of the body.
Physiology
the study of the functions of the body parts.
Anatomy
the study of the structure and organization of the body.
Histology
the study of tissue.
Cuneiforms
the tarsal bones of the forefoot
xiphoid process
the terminal portion of the sternum.
Axon Endings
the terminal portions of axons.
Chronic renal failure is caused by damage to so many nephrons that the remaining ones cannot accommodate normal kidney function.
true
Color blindness is an X-chromosome inherited genetic trait occurring more frequently in males, resulting in the inability to perceive one or more colors.
true
Complement is a set of enzymes that attack foreign antigens.
true
Metabolism
the total chemical changes that occur inside a cell.
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
the two German scientist who laid the foundation of waht we today call the modern cell theory.
Cytosine and thymine
the two pyrimidine nitrogen base.
ilium
the uppermost and largest portion of a hip bone
Coccygeal vertebrae/coccyx
the vertebrae of the tailbone.
Lunula
the white crescent at the proximal end of each nail.
Degenerative joint disease (DJD) commonly affects the knee joints because
they are major weight-bearing joints
Centrioles
they produce spindle fibers during cell division.
Femur
thigh bone
nasal bones
thin, delicate bones that join to form the bridge of the nose.
turbinates or nasal conchae bones
thin, fragile bones found on the lateral sides of the nostrils.
Anaphase
third and shortest stage of mitosis
Diffusion, osmosis and active transport
three different ways materials pass through the cell membrane.
Thymine, cytosine and uracil
three pryimidine nitrogen bases.
Blood, bone and lymphoid
three specialized connective tissues.
Loose, dense and specialized
three subgroups of connective tissue.
Fibroblasts, histiocytes (macrophages) and mast cells
three types of areolar tissue.
Hyaline, fibrous and elastic
three types of cartilage found in the body.
Areolar, adipose and retucular
three types of loose connective tissue.
Smooth, striated (skeletal) and cardiac
three types of muscle tissue.
condition of clot formation is called ____.
thrombosis
Which of the following glands is critical in the development of the immune system?
thymus
Which of the following is involved with the development of T lymphocytes in the fetus and infants?
thymus
Lacunae
tiny cavities between the lamellae or rings of compact bone that contain bone cells.
lacunae
tiny cavities between the lamellae or rings of compact bone that contain bone cells.
Ribosomes
tiny granules distributed throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs.
Muscle tissue
tissue that can shorten and thicken or contract.
Epidermis
top layer of skin.
Dorsal
toward the back
Posterior
toward the back
Anterior
toward the front
Cephalad
toward the head.
Lateral
toward the side or away from the midline of the body.
Capsular extensions of the lymph node, which divide the node internally into a series of compartments with germinal centers, are called ____.
trabeculae
ventricles have irregular ridges & folds of the myocardium & are called:
trabeculae
Match each term with the correct item below by typing in the corresponding letter
trachea, bronchi heart, arteries, veins kidneys, ureters, bladder alimentary canal lymph nodes, thymus
Internuncial or Association Neurons
transmit the sensory impulse to appropriate part of the brain or spinal cord for interpretation and processing.
Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII
transmits impulses related to equilibrium and hearing
Cornea
transparent part of the outermost layer of the eye that permits light to enter the eye.
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle consists of three flaps or cusps, and is known as the ____.
tricuspid
AIDS infection has three stages: initial symptoms, a latency period, and full-blown AIDS
true
ATP is the high-energy fuel molecule that the cell needs in order to function.
true
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete its hormones, including cortisol.
true
After the egg ruptures from the mature graafian follicle, the follicle changes into the corpus luteum, or yellow body, which produces estrogen and progesterone
true
Air is first warmed, moistened, and filtered as it enters the nose
true
Alcohol is absorbed through the stomach.
true
Ammonia (NH3) is a by-product of the breakdown of amino acids
true
An element is a substance whose atoms all contain the same number of protons and the same number of electrons.
true
Another name for the gastrointestinal tract is the alimentary canal.
true
Another name for tooth decay is dental caries.
true
Areolar tissue forms the delicate membranes around the spinal cord and brain
true
Arteries are thicker and stronger than veins, and have two major properties: elasticity and contractility.
true
As the zygote moves down the uterine tube, it undergoes a series of rapid mitotic divisions.
true
B lymphocytes are the cells that produce antibodies and provide humoral immunity.
true
Basic characteristic of muscle tissue is its ability to shorten and thicken, or contract.
true
Blood is specialized connective tissue consisting of a fluid part called plasma and the formed blood cells.
true
Blood plasma is the source of interstitial fluid, which becomes lymph when drained by the lymph capillaries.
true
Blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, smooth muscles, sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands are all embedded in the dermis.
true
Breakdown of the glucose molecule and other nutrients provides the energy to make ATP molecules.
true
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart
true
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart.
true
Cell body of a neuron contains the nucleus.
true
Cells in muscle tissue are so long that they are often referred to as muscle fibers.
true
hormone that maintains the body's water balance by promoting increased water reabsorption by the kidneys is the antidiuretic hormone known as ____.
vasopressin
vascular / venous sinuses
veins with thin walls
movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs is known as breathing or ____.
ventilation
Two lower chambers of the heart are the right and left:
ventricles
small blood vessels that connect capillaries to veins are called:
venules
trochanter
very large projection on a bone.
Nail Body
visible part of the nail.
Shaft
visible portion of the hair.
larynx is also known as the ____.
voice box
James Watson and Francis Crick
were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for the discovery of the DNA structure. (idea taken from Rosalind Franklin)
Action Potential
when a muscle generates its own impulse to ontract.
Optic Disk
where nerve fibers leave the eye as the optic nerve
leukocytes (WBCs)
white blood cells (WBCs)
Leukocytes
white blood cells. (WBCs)
Aponeuroses
wide and flat tendon.
