Chapters 12, 7, 2, - Land and Water Use
subsurface mining
Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 feet) below the surface of Earth, miners must dig deep shafts and tunnels into the ore stream, elevators are used to make tunnels accessible, must be well-ventilated and structurally supported
which of the following summarizes the precautionary principle
better safe than sorry
long-line (pelagic or bottom)
boat extends long main line at chosen depth, snoods (shorter lines) are attached to the main line and end with baited hooks each long-line can be miles long and bear thousands of baited hooks
nonrenewable resources are
finite in supply
in which of the following states or areas would you not find significant amounts of old-growth forests
new england
dynamite/cyanide
not practiced on large scale, explosives or poisons are used to stun fish, results in extreme damage to marine habitats, typically illegal but still continues
overburden
overlying vegetation, soil, and rocks that must be removed to expose the ore deposit
mollusks
oyster, clam, scallop, octopus, squid
the second law of thermodynamics would tend to support
people eating more grain than meat
logging in riparian areas can be detrimental to the overall health of the riparian ecosystem due to
sedimentation from eroded soils
nearly all of a stand's trees are harvested in one cutting, leaving a few uniformly distributed fertile trees to regenerate the stand
seed-tree cutting
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) (1974, US)
set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health
Clean Water Act (1972, US)
set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways and created pollutant discharge permits goal = to make water swimmable and fishable
removal of all mature trees in two or three cuttings over a period of about ten years
shelterwood cutting
crustaceans
shrimp, crab, lobster, krill
prescribed burns may be beneficial due to which of the following
some species depend on periodic fire for survival and chances of a potential crown fire are decreased
a corridor of trees is cut completely along the contour of the land, with the corridor narrow enough to allow natural regeneration within a few years
strip-cutting
the one area of the world that is not expected to increase food production soon is
sub-saharan africa
a renewable resource, human action has little to do with the life-span of this resource
sun
the level below which a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply throughout the world or in a particular area
sustainable yield
national forests are supposed to be managed on a
sustainable-yield basis and multiple-use basis
harpooning or spearfishing
target fish is caught with a barbed spear, harpooning mainly used in commercial whaling and some fishing (tuna, swordfish), spearfishing mainly used in dive catching and sport fishing
the largest wetlands restoration project in U.S. history is
the Florida Everglades
which of the following is an external cost of car ownership
the cost of adding pollutants to the air by driving
the goal of full-cost pricing is to have people and businesses pay
the costs of harm they do to others and the environment
the degradation of spaces on and surrounding Earth which are outside of the domain/ownership rule of any country is known as
the tragedy of the commons
bycatch
the unwanted fish and other marine creatures caught during commercial fishing for a different species
most grain that is grown in the United States is used
to feed cattle
which of the following is a goal of the National Park service
to preserve nature in parks and to make nature more available to the public
a potentially renewable resource
trees
open water fish (pelagic)
tuna, mackerel, sardine, herring, salmon, anchovy
which of the following would increase or enhance the sustainability of fisheries
use labels that allow consumers to identify fish that have been harvested sustainably, reduce or eliminate fishing subsidies, and impose fees for harvesting fish and shellfish from publicly owned and managed offshore waters
pot, creeps, or traps
used for bottom-dwelling continental-shelf species (crabs, lobsters, octopus), baited traps are placed at the bottom, fish and mollusks enter the trap and cannot escape, are retrieved days later
dredging
used for shellfish (scallops, oysters, clams), special basket is dropped into bottom mud and dragged through the mud, lifted out to be harvested, mostly done in shallow waters
farmers can sharply reduce fertilizer runoff by
using prescribed amounts of fertilizer and planting legumes and other nitrogen-fixing plants
the majority of nutrients and calories in the average human diet come from
wheat, corn, rice
a nonrenewable resource and a metallic mineral
aluminum
hook and line
(more individual scale) boat places multiple short lines with baited hooks, fish attack bait and become hooked, lines are reeled in to harvest fish
all of the following are environmental consequences of increased meat production
-concentrations of pollution problems such as foul smells from feedlots -contaminants of drinking water wells by nitrates from animal waste -increase pressure on the world's grain supply to be used to feed animals - increase inputs of energy from fossil fuels
ways that humans have had a negative effect on earth (to support growing human population)
-fragmenting and degrading species habitat -overharvesting renewable resources -altering chemical cycling and energy flows in ecosystems -eliminating some predator species
oceans cover about ____% of the surface of the earth
75%
surface mining
Removing soil, subsoil, and other strata and then extracting a mineral deposit found fairly close to the earth's surface.
which of the following laws/policies reduced the amount of CFC's in the atmosphere in order to repair the hole in the ozone layer
The Montreal Protocol
which of the following best illustrates regulatory taking of property
a land owner is not permitted to use part of his/her property as he/she wishes because an endangered species is found in this area
a major cause of soil erosion and degradation is
all: poor farming techniques overgrazing by livestock off-road vehicles
pole and line (bait boat fishing)
a type of hook and line fishing in which schooling fish are attracted to the surface and hooked singly with fishing poles and baited hooks, fish are reeled out of water for harvest
the major cause of decreased inland wetland areas in the United Sates is
agricultural practices and approaches
a nonrenewable resource and a nonmetallic mineral
clay
removal of all trees from a given area in a single cutting
clear-cutting
a nonrenewable resource and a fossil fuel
coal
bottom-dwelling fish (demersal)
cod, haddock, flounder
Kyoto Protocol (1977, 192 countries signed and ratified but not US)
controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developing countries
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (1976, US)
controls hazardous waste with a "cradle to grave" system from storage, treatment, transportation, to disposal
CERCLA (Superfund) (1980, US)
created $1.6 billion Superfund designed to identify and clean up abandoned hazardous waste dump sites, established liability for clean up costs is source could be indentified
the following is not an environmental consequence of increased meat production
decrease in the spread of diseases such as mad cow disease in herd animals
dive catching
divers (snorkel, scuba, hardhat) go into water and individually catch fish of interest, useful for coral reef fishes (grouper, snapper) and mollusks/shellfish (lobsters, scallops, abalone, giant clams)
tells consumers which brands are made with processed that do not harm the environment
ecolabeling
National Environmental Policy Act (1969, US)
environmental impact statements must be done before any project affecting federal lands is started, created a council on environmental quality
Clean Air Act (1970, US)
established national primary and secondary air quality standards, set emission standards for cars and limits for release of air pollutants
the president is part of the _______ branch
executive
trawling
large funnel shaped net held open by two wooden flaps is deployed, boat moves along in water scooping fish into net
purse-seine fishing
large net is deployed around and underneath school or fish, net is pulled up and looks like a drawstring purse
CITES (1975, 182 countries + EU)
lists species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products
drift net fishing
long ribbon-like net kept afloat by buoys is deployed to form a long fence in which fish's gills get caught, can be used for hours or days
a major harmful effect of soil erosion is
loss of soil fertility
tailings
piles of discarded rock that contain hazardous substances such as lead and mercury, water pours through the piles and mines and becomes contaminated, then contaminates the bodies of water it flows into, this is present in both surface and subsurface mining
Montreal Protocol (1987, 197 countries - first treaty in history of UN to achieve universal ratification)
plan to limit and eventually phase out ozone depleting substances (CFCs)
which is true regarding the maximum sustained yield method of managing the world's marine fisheries
populations and growth of fish stocks are difficult to measure and predict
which of the following is a cause of tropical deforestation
poverty and population growth
an even-aged management strategy's goal is
production of maximum return on a short-term basis
Delaney Clause of Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1958, US)
prohibits the addition to the human food supply of any chemical that has caused cancer in humans or animals
Lacey Act (1900, US)
prohibits trade in wildlife, fish, and plants that have been illegally taken, possessed, transported, or sold
Endangered Species Act (1973, US)
protects threatened and endangered animals in the US and puts their protection over economic considerations
stripmining
pulling strips of earth away until the ore deposit is reached
in a ______, price is determined solely by supply and demand
pure free-market economic system
the greatest threat to most species is
reduction of habitats