(Cognitive, communication, Perceptual deficits)

Dysarthria

Patients with {apraxia OR dysarthria} have the neurological cognition of the task but lack the motor control.

Expressive aphasia

*{Expressive aphasia OR Receptive aphasia}* is another term to describe Broca's aphasia. These patients have the cognition, but have difficulty with expressing what they want to say.

Receptive aphasia

*{Expressive aphasia OR Receptive aphasia}* is another term to describe Wernicke's aphasia. These patients have difficulty understanding (cognition). They can speak fluently, but are not making much sense.

Symptoms of Aphasia

-Difficulty producing language (coming up with the word, using words in sentences that don't make sense, difficulty connecting words to make a sentence.) -Difficulty understanding language (misunderstanding others, misinterpreting jokes, or taking a figurative saying literally.) -Difficulty reading and writing ( forms, difficulty spelling, difficulty understanding numbers, telling time, counting money, etc.)

Traumatic Brain Injury

Cognitive-communicative impairments occur primarily with the following 3 conditions: 1) Right hemispheric dysfunction 2) __________________ 3) Dementia

Dementia

Cognitive-communicative impairments occur primarily with the following 3 conditions: 1) Right hemispheric dysfunction 2) Traumatic Brain Injury 3) __________

Right hemispheric dysfunction * this condition comes along with a lot of behavioral issue.

Cognitive-communicative impairments occur primarily with the following 3 conditions: 1) __________________ 2) Traumatic Brain Injury 3) Dementia

C

Damage to the central auditory pathways from tumors, vascular diseases, or demyelinating diseases may result in this type of hearing loss: A)sensorineural B)Conductive C)Mixed and Central

B

Damage to the ear canal or ossicles (middle ear) caused by ear infections is likely to cause this type of hearing loss. Typically if the sound can get through the damaged part, the perception of the sound is good: A)sensorineural B)Conductive C)Mixed and Central

A

Damage to the inner ear or neurological pathways of the ear caused by aging or excessive noise is likely to cause this type of hearing loss. Even if speech is louder, the individual may still have a problem understanding the speech: A)sensorineural B)Conductive C)Mixed and Central

cognitive-communication disorders

Deficits with thinking and how someone uses language; may occur after a stroke, tumor, brain injury, progressive degenerative brain disorder,or other neurological damage.

A

Dementia is the result of diffuse, bilateral damage to the _____________________ and is classified into stages of Early, Middle, or Late stage. A)Cortical and/or subcortical B)Cortical only C) subcortical only

air and bone

A hearing assessment measures ______ and _____ conduction, as well as speech discrimination.

aphasia

A language disorder that is caused by a brain injury,most commonly a stroke. A person's ability to speak , listen, read, and write are affected however intelligence remains intact. This disorder also commonly comes with apraxia and dysarthria.

Apraxia

A patient with {apraxia OR dysarthria} has the motor ability to perform the task, but there is a neurological breakdown that causes the disfunction.

C

A person having difficulty coming up with solutions to a problem is having difficulty with this area of cognitive-communication: A)Memory B) Attention C)Reasoning D)Insight/Awareness

B

A person having difficulty concentrating on a task, especially in the presence of background noise (like from TV, or other conversations) is having difficulty with this area of cognitive-communication: A)Memory B) Attention C)Pragmatics D)Insight/Awareness

C

A person having difficulty following the verbal and non-verbal rules of communications is having difficulty with this area of cognitive-communication: A)Memory B) Attention C)Pragmatics D)Insight/Awareness

B

A person having difficulty putting details in order or telling a story in the correct order is having difficulty with this area of cognitive-communication: A)Memory B) Organization/planning C)Pragmatics D)Insight/Awareness

A

A person having difficulty recalling long or short term information is having difficulty with this area of cognitive-communication: A)Memory B) Attention C)Pragmatics D)Insight/Awareness

D

A person having difficulty recognizing that something is wrong with themselves or in the environment is having difficulty with this area of cognitive-communication: A)Memory B) Attention C)Pragmatics D)Insight/Awareness

Anosognosia

A severe condition including denial and lack of awareness of the presence or severity of on'e paralysis. The pt. may "disown" the limb and claim that it has a mind of it's own or left the limb at home. This is one of the most difficult perceptual issues to deal with.

presbycusis

Age related hearing loss

ideational apraxia

Apraxia is an impairment of voluntary skilled learned movement. _____ ____ is a failure in the conceptualization of the task because the patient no longer understands the overall concept of the act. (ie. Pt. being told to brush teeth may try to put the toothpaste in the mouth or try to put the toothpaste on the brush without removing the cap first. )

ideomotor apraxia

Apraxia is an impairment of voluntary skilled learned movement. ______ ____ is a breakdown between concept and performance. (ie. a male patient is able to see a comb and tell you what it's used for. When told to comb his hair, he is unable to use the comb correctly. However, his wife reports that he spontaneously combs his hair every morning.)

A

Assessment of _________ hearing loss is done by testing the bone conduction. This is done by placing a vibrating tuning fork over the mastoid process. This maneuver bypasses the outer and middle ear and conducts sound vibrations directly to the cochlea. A)sensorineural B)Conductive C)Central

B

Assessment of ______hearing loss is done by measuring sensitivity to vibrating sound waves that move through the air from the external auditory canal and middle ear. A)sensorineural B)Conductive C)Central

D

Functional implications of a visual figure-ground discrimination deficit include all EXCEPT: a. Difficulty locate items in a pocketbook or drawer b. Inability to distinguish the armhole from the remainder of a solid- colored shirt c. Difficulty descending flight of stairs d. Inability to identify Right vs. Left

somatoagnosia

Impairment in body scheme, is a lack of awareness of he body structure and the relationship of body parts to oneself or to others. (ie. Pts may have a hard time with activities that involve body parts be moved in relation to other body parts, "Bring your arm across your chest and touch your shoulder.")

auditory agnosia

Inability to recognize nonspeech sounds or to discriminate between them.

B

It will always be apparent to the PTA if their pt is experiencing cognitive disorders. A)True B)False

phonology,

Language disorders can involve the _____, which is the sound of words, morphology the structure of words, and syntax which is putting words into sentences.

morphology

Language disorders can involve the phonology, which is the sound of words, ________ the structure of words, and syntax which is putting words into sentences.

syntax

Language disorders can involve the phonology, which is the sound of words, morphology the structure of words, and ________ which is putting words into sentences.

A

Patient has suffered from a TBI and presents with a communication impairment described as "slurred," "choppy," or "mumbled" with limited tongue, lip, and jaw movement. This is an example of: a. Dysarthria b. Expressive Aphasia c. Stuttering d. Apraxia of Speech

C

Patient is able to carry out habitual tasks automatically and describe how they are done, but is unable to imitate gestures or perform on command. This is an example of: a. Ideational Apraxia b. Receptive Aphasia c. Ideomotor Apraxia d. Tactile Agnosia

TBI

Patients with _____ are younger than 30 years old and have potential to return to the workforce. Many experience the following: >aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, stuttering >Disturbances of perception, behavior, information retrieval, memory and executive functioning.

A

Patients with _______ hemispheric lesions have relatively intact language but demonstrate impaired overall communication abilities. Common deficits in these patients as follows: ▪ Visuospatial processing ▪ Insensitivity to context (missing subtleties) ▪ Impulsivity ▪ Difficulty with expression and reception of emotions ▪ Lack of affective aspects (vocal inflection, facial expressions) ▪ Impaired conversational rules (turn taking) ▪ Left-sided neglect ▪ Poor topic maintenance (tangential) ▪ Unawareness of deficits ▪ Failure to recognize humor *A) Right* *B) Left*

B

Patients with a _____ hemispheric lesion of the brain is responsible for verbal and logical functions including language (listening, reading, speaking, and writing), thought and memory involving words. *A) Right* *B) Left*

D

Practice is needed for motor learning. "A practice order of a single task or group of tasks in order with a specified number of trials (three trials of task 1, three trials of task 2, three trials of task 3: 111222333)" is called: a. Massed Order b. Serial Order c. Random Order d. Blocked Order

semantics

The ___ of language refers to it's content or meaning.

pragmatics

The _______ of language refers to the social rules that are associated with language. For example, not using facial expressions, or jumping into conversations at the wrong time.

expressive language

The ability to share thoughts, ideas, and feelings orally or in writing.

receptive language

The ability to understand others spoken or written language.

pragmatics

The appropriate use of language in different contexts is called _______. ( ie. Difficulty with understanding jokes. Or, jumping in a conversation at the wrong time.)

B

The frequency range used to measure clinical hearing is: a) 200 - 7000 Hz b) 250- 8000 Hz c) 400- 4000 Hz

Right-Left Discrimination disorder

The inability to identify the right and left side of ones body. (cannot discern right shoe vs. left shoe)

Tactile agnosia

The inability to recognize forms by handling them even though tactile, proprioceptive, and thermal sensations may be intact. ( For example, if pt. is given an object such as a key without the ability to see it, they would not be able to recognize it.)

agnosia

The inability to recognize incoming information despite intact sensory capacities. Can be sensory as in visual, auditory, tactile, and it can also be anything such as faces, sounds or familiar objects.

Visual Figure-Ground discrimination

The inability to visually distinguish a figure from the background in which it is embedded. For example, a patient may not be able to tell when one step ends and another begins on a flight of stairs, especially when descending.

visual agnosia

The most common form of agnosia and is the inability to recognize familiar objects despite normal function of the eyes and optic tracts. Remarkably, pt's often can recognize the object shortly after touching it.

C

The most common form of agnosia is: A) Tactile B) Auditory C) Visual

C

The most critical frequency range used to for the reception and understanding of speech is. a) 200 - 7000 Hz b) 250- 8000 Hz c) 400- 4000 Hz

C

The most severe form of body scheme perceptual impairment, including denial and lack of awareness of the presence or severity of one's paralysis is known as: a. Unilateral Neglect b. Right-Left Discrimination Disorder c. Anosognosia d. Somatoagnosia

A

The most stable piece of adaptive equipment that provides a solid base of support. Can be used to enhance proprioceptive awareness during weight-shifting activities. A) Bench or Mat Table B) Bolster C) Ball

B

The patient diagnosed with receptive aphasia is going to have the most difficulty with: a. Implicit Feedback and Cues b. Explicit Feedback and Cues

A

The postural reaction as described by lateral head and trunk righting away from the weight shift, abduct of arm and leg opposite the direction of the weight shift and trunk rotation away from the weight is: a. Equilibrium Reaction b. Righting Reaction c. Protective Reaction d. Co-contraction Reaction

fluent

There are two types of aphasia. {fluent OR non-fluent} aphasia is when comprehension is more severely affected. Speech tends to flow easily but content may be confused or filled with "jargon" or nonsense words. These patients are less aware of their errors because of their comprehension impairment. This is also called receptive aphasia.

non-fluent

There are two types of aphasia. {fluent OR non-fluent} aphasia is when verbal expression is generally affected more severely than comprehension, difficulty "finding" the word they want. These patients are aware of the many errors but cannot necessarily correct them. This is also called expressive aphasia or Broca's aphasia

C

This adaptive device provides the most challenge to your pt since it has the potential to move in any direction. Can be used in prone, siting, and sit to stand facilitation. A) Bench or Mat Table B) Bolster C) Ball

B

This adaptive equipment can be used for prone, siting, sit-to stand. Has a firm mobile surface with unidirectional movement of control: A) Bench or Mat Table B) Bolster C) Ball

Wernicke (sensory, receptive)

This type of aphasia is caused by a Left MA or in the temporal region of the brain. The patient will speak with fluency but the comprehension is poor. Their speech is characterised by neologisms( new words), paraphasias, well articulated paragrammatism ( confused sentence structure). Also called fluent aphasia.

Global

This type of aphasia is caused by a lesion in multiple lobes, or a left MCA (middle cerebral artery.). The patients speech is nonfluent, their comprehension is poor and their repetition is poor. This speech is also associated with apraxia, rare vocalization. This is the most severe form of aphasia.

Broca's aphasia (expressive aphasia)

This type of aphasia is caused by a lesion in the left middle cerebral artery MCA, Frontal. Patients with this are nonfluent and have good comprehension. Their speech is effortful, telegraphic and often associated with apraxia, agrammatic. Also called Non-fluent aphasia.

D

True language disorders: a) Are developmental in nature B) occur as a result of injury C) Have no known etiology D) All of the above.

motor speech disorders

Two different ____ _____ _____ are: >Apraxia of speech >dysarthria Dysarthria patients have he neurological cognition of the task but lack the motor control.

Types of hearing loss:

Types of hearing loss can be: Conductive, Sensorineural, or Mixed and central hearing loss.

circumlocution

Verbosity, and ________ which means talking in circles; can occur in patients with TBI.

C

Visual Figure-Ground Discrimination is described as: a. A lack of awareness of the body structure and the relationship of body parts to oneself or to others b. Inability to register and integrate stimuli and perceptions from one side of the body c. Inability to visually distinguish a figure from the background in which it is embedded. d. Inability to recognize or make sense of incoming information despite intact sensory capacities.

language disorders

______ _______ may occur in both spoken and written communication and may involve the form, content, and or use of language in functional and socially appropriate ways.

B

When presented in the clinic with a toothbrush and toothpaste and told to brush the teeth, the patient may put the tube of toothpaste in the mouth, or try to put toothpaste on the toothbrush without removing the cap. This patient is limited by: a. Tactile Agnosia b. Ideational Apraxia c. Ideomotor Apraxia d. Receptive Aphasia

D

Which is NOT a true characteristic of communication disorders? a. Difficulty receiving, sending, processing and/or comprehending information b. May be developmental (congenital) or acquired (neurological etiology) c. Patients may exhibit one or a combination of different disorders d. Speaking a different language or having English as a second language

A

You may not always know if someone is experiencing cognitive disorders.Someone with cognitive disorders may be able to participate in a conversation with apparently functional speech and conversational skills, but may lack the cognitive abilities to retain, implement or problem solve using the information. A)True B) False

Adaptive equipment

_____ ____ are devices that can be used to challenge your pt's movement strategies and postural systems.

Dysarthria does

_____ is caused by the impaired movement of the muscles needed for speech causing weakness and discoordination In this case the patient { does OR does not} have the neurological ability.

Apraxia of speech

_____ is typical in neurological disorders such as CVA or TBI. These individuals know what they want to say, but their brains have difficulty coordinating the motor skills needed to say them. (ie. "bipem" or "chicken" for "Kitchen"). Can also be a developmental articulation disorder in children. A patient with this motor speech disorder has the motor ability to perform the task, but there is a neurological breakdown that causes the disfunction.

confabulation

______ is a memory error defined as the production of fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive and can occur in pt's with TBI.

body scheme Body Image

________ _________Refers to a postural model of the body, including the relationship of body parts to each other and the relationship of the body to the environment. _____ _____ is the visual and mental image of one's body. Both may be distorted after stroke. Specific impairments of these include: unilateral neglect, anosognosia, finger agnosia.

dysarthria

slurred speech, difficulty with articulation