Chapter 22
6) During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result. Which statement most accurately corrects the student's misconception? A) Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are not passed on through genes. B) Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits. C) Only favorable adaptations have survival value. D) Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance. E) Overproduction of offspring leads to a struggle for survival.
A) Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are not passed on through genes.
5) What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin? A) The Earth is 6,000 years old and populations are unchanging B) The Earth is 6,000 years old and populations gradually change. C) The Earth is millions of years old an populations rapidly change. D) The Earth is millions of years old and populations are unchanging. E) The Earth is millions of years old and populations gradually change.
A) The Earth is 6,000 years old and populations are unchanging
3) On which of the following did Linnaeus base his classification system? A) morphology and anatomy B) evolutionary history C) the fossil record D)only A and B are correct E) A, B, and C are correct
A) morphology and anatomy
5 1) Darwin's observations while with the Beagle led him to wonder why A) organisms looked as they did. B) God created so many species. C) there were so few finch species. D) marine tortoises lived so long E) he agreed to go on the voyage.
A) organisms looked as they did.
24) Which of the following is the best example of humans undergoing evolution, understood as "descent with modification"? A) reduction in coarseness of body hair over millennia B) reduction in number of hairs on the head of a balding person C) increased pigment production by the skin of a person who is exposed to increased UV radiation levels D) increase in weight over an indívidual's lifetime E) widening of the pupils of the eyes when one encounters dimly lit conditions
A) reduction in coarseness of body hair over millennia
53) The ideas of Hutton and Lyell that Darwir incorporated into his theory pertained to A) the age of Earth and gradual change. B) extinctions evident in the fossil record. C) adaptation of species to the environment. D) a hierarchical classification of E) the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
A) the age of Earth and gradual change.
41) One finds that organisms on islands are different similar forms found on the nearest from, but closely related to continent. This is taken as evidence that A)island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors. B) common environments are inhabited by the same organisms. C) the islands were originally part of the continent. D) the island forms and mainland forms E) island forms and mainland forms have identical gene pools
A)island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors.
22) Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Differential reproduction occurs. 2. A new selective pressure occurs. 3. Allele frequencies within the population change. 4. Environmental change occurs. A)2,4,1,3 B ) 4,2,1,3 C)4,1,2,3 D) 4, 2,3,1 E)2,4,3,1
B ) 4,2,1,3
9) Darwin's mechanism of natural selection required long time spans in order to modify species. From whom did Darwin get the concept of the Earth's ancient age? A) Georges Cuvier B) Charles Lyell C) Alfred Wallace D)Thomas Malthus E) John Henslow
B) Charles Lyell
7) The statement "Improving the intelligence of an adalt through education will result in that adult's descendants being born with a greater native intelligence" is an example of A) Darwinism. B) Lamarckism. C) uniformitarianism. D) scala naturae E) natural theology
B) Lamarckism
54) Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based? A) There is heritable variation among individuals. B) Poorly adapted individuals never leave offspring. C) There is a struggle for limited resources, and only a fraction of offspring survive D) Individuals whose inherited characteristics best fit them to the environment will generally leave more offspring E) Organisms interact with their environments.
B) Poorly adapted individuals never leave offspring.
17) Which of the following represents an ide Darwin took from the writings of Thomas Malthus? A) All species are fixed in the form in which they are created B) Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply increases. C) The Earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals. D) The environment is responsible for natural selection. E) The Earth is more than 10,000 years old.
B) Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply increases.
23) All of the following statements are interences of natural selection except A) subsequent generations of a population should have greater proportions of individuals that possess favorable traits. B) an individual organism undergoes evolution over the course of its lifetime. C) often only a fraction of offspring survive because there is a struggle for limited resources. D) individuals whose inherited characteristics best fit them to the envirornment should leave more E) unequal teproductive success among its members leads a population to adapt over time
B) an individual organism undergoes evolution over the course of its lifetime.
58) In science, the term theory generally applies to an idea that A) is a speculation lacking supportive observations or experiments. B) attempts to explain many related phenomena. C ) is synonymous with what biologists mean by a hypothesis. D)is so widely accepted that it is considered a law of nature E) cannot be tested.
B) attempts to explain many related phenomena
42) Monkeys of South and Central America have prehensile tails, meaning that their tails can be used to grasp objects. The tails of African and Asian monkeys are not prehensile. Which discipline is most likely to provide an explariation for how this difference in tails came about? A) natural theology B) biogeography C)physiology D) biochemistry E) botany
B) biogeography
14) All of the following statements are part of the Darwin-Wallace theory of natural selection except A) heritable variations occur in natural populations. B) characteristics that are acquired during the life of an individual are passed on to offspring C)organisms tend to increase in numbers at a rate more rapid than the environment can support. D)on average, the best adapted individuals leave more offspring. E) natural selection results from differential success in reproduction among members of a population.
B) characteristics that are acquired during the life of an individual are passed on to offspring
50) What was Darwin's job on board the Beagle? A) ship's navigator B) ship's naturalist C) ship's captain D) ship's doctor E) ship's surveyor
B) ship's naturalist
4) Catastrophism was Cuvier's attempt to explain A) evolution. B) the fossil record. C)uniformitarianism. D) the origin of new species. E) natural selection.
B) the fossil record.
32) If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that A) they ought to live in very different habitats. B) they should share fewer homologous organs than two elosely related organisms. C) their chromosomes should be very similar D) they shared a common ancestor relatively recently. E) they should be members of the same genus
B) they should share fewer homologous organs than two elosely related organisms
36) Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? All organisms A) require energy B) use essentially the same genetic code. C) reproduce. D) show heritable variation. E) have undergone evolution.
B) use essentially the same genetic code
10) The naturalist who synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin was A) Charles Lyell. B) Gregor Mendel. C) Alfred Wallacé. D) Rev. John Henslow. E) Thomas Malthus.
C) Alfred Wallacé
1) What is the name of the person who devised a taxonomic morphological (i.e., anatomical) criteria for classifying system that used the primary features as organisms? A) Charles Darwin B) Alfred Wallace C) Carolus Linnaeus D) Charles Lyell E) Jean Baptiste Lamarck
C) Carolus Linnaeus
Which of the following ideas is common both Darwin's and Lamarck's theories of to evolution? A) Adaptation results from differential reproductive success. B) Evolution drives organisms to greater and greater complexity C) Evolutionary adaptation results from interactions between organisms ánd their environments. D) Adaptation results from the use and disuse of anatomical structures. E) The fossil record supports the view that species are fixed
C) Evolutionary adaptation results from interactions between organisms ánd their environments.
29) In a hypothetical environment, fishes called pike-cichlids are visual predators of algae - eating fish , i.e. , they locate their prey by sight. If a population of algae eaters experiences predation pressure from pike-cichlids, then which of the following should not be observed in the algae-eater population over the course of many generations? A) Coloration of the algae eaters may become drab. B) The algae eaters may become nocturnal (active only at night). C) Female algae eaters may become larger bearing broods composed of more, and larger, young. D) The algae eaters may become sexually mature at smaller overall body sizes. E) The algae eaters may become faster
C) Female algae eaters may become larger bearing broods composed of more, and larger, young.
57) Darwin synthesized information from several sources in developing his theory of evolution by natural selection. Which of the following did not influence his A) Linnaeus' hierarchical classification of species, which could imply evolutionary relationships B) Lyell's Principles of Geology, which described the gradualness and uniformity of geologic changes over long periods of time C) Mendel's paper describing the basic principles of inheritance D) examples of major changes in domesticated species produced by artificial selection E) the biogeographic distribution of species that he observed on the Gal apagos Islands and around South America during his journey
C) Mendel's paper describing the basic principles of inheritance
2) Which statement is most consistent with the natural theology that was prevalent in Europe and America during Darwin's life? A) God is nature. B) God is all-natural. C) Nature reflects God's intelligent design. D) God can be discerned only through the study of nature. E) To love God is to love nature.
C) Nature reflects God's intelligent design.
46) Which of the following statements gives the least support to the claim that the human appendix is a completely vestigial organ? A) The appendix can be surgically removed with no apparent ill effects. B) The appendix might have been larger in fossil hominids. C) The appendix can have a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue in its walls. D) Individuals with a larger-than-average appendix leave fewer offspring than those with a below-average-sized appendix. E) In a million years, the human species might completely lack an appendix.
C) The appendix can have a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue in its walls
19) Which of the following Darwinism is associated with Malthus? elements of A) Artificial selection improves plant and animal breeds. B) Differential reproductive success is the cornerstone of natural selection. C) The potential for population growth exceeds what the environment can support. D) Species become local environments through natural better adapted to their selection. E) Favorable variations accumulate in a population after many generations of natural selection.
C) The potential for population growth exceeds what the environment can support
35) Over evolutionary time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses? A) Natural sélectión cannot account for losses, only för innovations. B) by the principle of use and disuse C) Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits. D) These organisms had the misfortune to experience harmful mutations, whidh caused the loss of these structures. E) Both B and D are correct.
C) Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.
45) Human intestines are held in place by membranes called mesenteries in bipedal humans, it would be logical for these mesenteries to be attached to the rib cage. Instead, they are attached to the backbone, as they are in quadrupedal mammals. Because of this arrangement human mesenteries have a tendency to tear more often than mesenteries in other mammals, às frequently observed among truck drivers and jackhammer operators. The same evolutionary modification that causes increased susceptibility to torn mesenteries is responsible for A) tonsillitis. B) appendicitis. C) back and knee problems. D) susceptibility to HIV infection. E) vision problems associated with advanced age.
C) back and knee problems
34) As adults, certain species of whales possess baleen instead of teeth. Baleen is used to filter the whales diet of planktonic animals from seawater, As embryos baleen whales possess teeth, which are later replaced by baleen. The teeth of embryonic baleen whales are evidence that A) all whales are the descendants of terrestrial mammals. B) baleen whale embryos pass through a stage when they resemble adult .toothed whales C) baleen whales are descendants of toothed whales. D) ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny E) among ancient whales, baleen evolved before teeth
C) baleen whales are descendants of toothed whales.
11) Linnaeus' concept of taxonomy is that the more closely two organisms resemble each other, the more closely related they are ina classification scheme. In evolutionary terms, the more closely related two organisms are, the A) more similar their habitats are. B) less similar their DNA sequences are. C) more recently they shared a common ancestor D) less likely they are to be related to fossil forms. E) more similar they are in size.
C) more recently they shared a common ancestor
47) If 3TC resistance is costly for HIV, then which plot (I-IV) best represents the response of a strain of 3TC-resistant HIV over time , if 3TC administration begins at the time indicated by the arrow? A ) I B ) Ⅱ C)MI D)IV
C)MI
60) The smallest biological unit that can evolve over time is A) a cell. B) an individual organism. C)a population. D) a species. E) an ecosystem.
C)a population
59)within a few vweeks oftreatment with the drug 3TC, a patient's HIV population consists entirely of 3TC-resistant viruses. How can this result best be explained? A) HIV has the ability to thange its surface proteins and resist vaccines B) The patient must have become reinfected with 3TC-resistant viruses. C) HIV began making drug-resistant versions of reverse transcriptase in response to the drug. D) A few drug-resistant viruses were natural selection increased their present at the start of treatment, and frequency E) Some viruses developed drug resistance and then passed their resistant genes to all the patient's viruses
D) A few drug-resistant viruses were natural selection increased their present at the start of treatment, and frequency
27) Which statement best describes how the evolution of pesticide resistance occurs in a population of insects? A) Individual members of the population slowly adapt to the presence of the chemical by striving to meet the new challenge B) All insects exposed to the insecticide begin to use a formerly silent gene to make a new enzyme that breaks down the insecticide molecules. C ) Insects observe the behavior of other insects that survive pesticide application, and adjust their own behaviors to copy those of the survivors, D) A number of genetically resistant pesticide survivors reproduce. The next generation of insects contains more genes from the survivors than it does from those killed by the insecticide. E) More than one of these is correct
D) A number of genetically resistant pesticide survivors reproduce. The next generation of insects contains more genes from the survivors than it does from those killed by the insecticide.
28) DDT was once useless against many insects. What would pests. Today, instead, DDT is largely that would permanently eradicate insect considered a 'silver bullet eradication efforts have been applied. A) Larger doses of DDT would need to to have been successful need to be true for pest in the long run? received applications B) All habitats would need to have of DDT at about the same time. C) The frequency of DDT application genomes that made insects would need to D) All individual them vulnerable have possessed to DDT.
D) All individual them vulnerable have possessed to DDT.
20) A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. Over that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of competition for food and predatión. Suddenly, the population increased to 80. In a single generation , 90 % of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce. What inferences might you make about that population? A) The amount of available food probably increased. B) The number of predators probably decreased. C) The young squirrels in the next generation will show greater levels of variation than in the previous generations because squirrels that would not have survived in the past are now surviving D) All three of these are reasonable inferences E) Only B and C are reasonable inferences.
D) All three of these are reasonable inferences
48) The Galapagos Islands are off the west coast of A) Brazil. B) Colombia. C) Canada. D) Ecuador. E) Portugal.
D) Ecuador
8) Increased UV irradiation causes the skinof humans to become more darkly pigmented over a period of days. The notion that the offspring of such tanned individuals should consequently inherit darkened skin from their parents is consistent with the ideas of A) Charles Darwin. B) Carolus Linnaeus. C) Alfred Wallace. D) Jean Baptiste Lamarck. E) Charles Lyell.
D) Jean Baptiste Lamarck
33) Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from the same embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities? A) by identifying the bones as being homologous B) by the principles of natural theology C) by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor D) Only A and C are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.
D) Only A and C are correct.
21) Which statement about natural selection is most correct? A) Adaptations should generally be beneficial in all beneficial in one habitat other habitats as well. B) Different the same habitat should adapt to that species that together occupy habitat by undergoing the same changes C) Adaptations beneficial in one era should generally be beneficial during all other eras as well. D) Populations change over time as maladapted individuals pass fewer genes to subsequent generations than do well-adapted individuals. E) Natural selection is the sole means by which populations can evolve.
D) Populations change over time as maladapted individuals pass fewer genes to subsequent generations than do well-adapted individuals
56,) Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification? A) Species diversity declined as distance from the equator increased. B) Fewer species were found living on islands than on the nearest continents. C) Birds could be found on islands more distant from the mainland than their maximum nonstop flight distance. D) South American temperate plants were more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe. E) Finches on the Galápagos fed on seeds, whereas finches on the South American mainland were insectivorous.
D) South American temperate plants were more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe.
15) Insects with mutations that prevent flight (e.g, the "vestigial wing mutation in fruit flies) usually can't survive long in nature. But in four of the following environments, flightlessness could be selected for. Which environment should favor the survival of fruit flies that can actually fly? A) an island where stiff winds blow some flying inšects out to sea, only to drown B) a swamp full of frogs that can see and catch flying insects better than crawling insects C)a forest full of bats that catch and eat insects while in flight D) a cage in which food cannot be reached by sole use of the legs E) a cage with slippery walls that insects can't climb and an electrified screen on top that electrocutes insects that touch it
D) a cage in which food cannot be reached by sole use of the legs
44) The theory of evolution is most accurately described as A)an educated guess about how species originate B) one possible explanation, among several scientific altenatives, about how species have come into existence. C) an opinion that some scientists hold about how living things change over time. D) an overarching explanation, supported by much evidence, for how populations change over time. E) an idea about how acquired charäcteristics are passed on to subsequent generations.
D) an overarching explanation, supported by much evidence, for how populations change over time.
44) The primary purpose of the 1831 voyage of the Beagle was to A) provide Darwin with an excuse to get away from his domineering father. B) discover examples of divine creation. C) transport Darwin to the Galapagos Islands. D) discover how species change through time. E) survey the waters around the southern coast of South America.
D) discover how species change through time
37) Which kind of homology is the source of all othe kinds of homology making it when available, the best criterion for determining evolutionary relationships? Homologous A) protein sequences. B) organs. C) behavioral patterns. D) gene sequences. E)embryological patterns.
D) gene sequences.
43) Which of the following disciplines has contributed least to the modern body of physical evidence for evolution? A) biogeography B) comparative anatomy C) molecular biology D) taxonomy E) paleontology
D) taxonomy
62) Which of the following pairs of structure is least likely to represent homology? A) the wings of a bat and the forelimbs of a human B) the hemoglobin of a baboon and the hemoglobin of a gorilla C) the mitochondria of a plant and those of an animal D) the bark of a tree and the protective covering of a lobster E) the brain of a frog and the brain of a dog
D) the bark of a tree and the protective covering of a lobster
12) Darwin's mechanism of evolution differed from Lamarck's by proposing that A) species are not fixed B) evolution leads to adaptation C) life on Earth has had a long evolutionary history D) life on Earth did not evolve abruptly but rather through a gradual process of minute changes E ) inherent variations in the population are more important in evolution than variations acquired during individual lifetimes
E ) inherent variations in the population are more important in evolution than variations acquired during individual lifetimes
26) It should be impossible to observe natural selection occurring in a(n) A) individual organism. B) clone of (genetically identical) organisms. C) species. D) population. E) Both A and B are correct answers.
E) Both A and B are correct answers.
40) Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs. Fossils show us that they had dorsal fins and tails just as fish do, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are A) homologous. B) examples of convergent evolution. C) adaptations to a common environment. D) Both A and C are correct. E) Both B and C are correct.
E) Both B and C are correct.
16) Darwin was able to formulate his theory of evolution based on several facts. Which of the following facts was unavailable to Darwin in the mid-nineteenth dentury? A) Most populations are stable in size. B) Individual organisms in a population are not alike. C) All populations have the potential to increase D) Natural resources are limited. E) Characteristics are inherited as genes on chrosomes
E) Characteristics are inherited as genes on chrosomes
39) Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree? A) None of the organisms depicted by the analysis tree provided DNA samples for had lived in different habitats. B) Some of the organisms depicted by the C) The skeletal remains of the organisms depicted by the tree were incomplete (i.e., some bones were missing). D) Transitional fossils had not been found. E) DNA sequence evidence fully disagreed with morphological evidence.
E) DNA sequence evidence fully disagreed with morphological evidence.
31) Of the which is homologous following anatomical structures, to the wing of 'a bat? The A)dorsál fin of a shark B) tail of a kangaroo C) wing of a butterfly D) tail fin of a fish E) arm of a human
E) arm of a human
52) What term is used to refer to structures that have a similar origin or ancestry even though they may be very different in appearance? A) convergent B) comparable C) analogous D) divergent E) homologous
E) homologous
30) When chemicals are used to control unwanted organisms, then the wisest application strategy, in light of natural selection and assuming that chemicals generally have negative effects on the environment, is to apply A) a large dose of a single chemical. B) a small dose of a single chemical. C) a moderate dose of a single chemical. D) large doses of several different E) moderate doses of several different chemicals
E) moderate doses of several different chemicals
55) Which of the following would provide the best information for distinguishing phylogenetic relationships between several species that are almost identical in ariatomy? A) the fossil record B) homologous structures C) comparative anatomy D) comparative embryology E) molecular comparisons of DNA and amino acid squences
E) molecular comparisons of DNA and amino acid squences
18) Darwin's and Lamarck's ideas regarding evolution both suggest that A) species are fixed. B) natural theology is an acceptable alternative explanation in cases where eyolutionary explanations are not yet available. C) the environment creates favorable characteristics on demand. D) the main mechanism of evolution is natural selection, E) the interaction of organisms with their environment is important in the evolutionary process.
E) the interaction of organisms with their environment is important in the evolutionary process.
13) Natural selection is based on all of the following except A) variation exists within populations. B) the fittest individuals leave the most offspring. C) there is differential reproductive success within populations. D) populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support E) use or disuse of organs during one generation causes modifications of these same organs in subsequent generations.
E) use or disuse of organs during one generation causes modifications of these same organs in subsequent generations.
38) What would be the best technique for determining the evolutionary relationships among several closely related species, each of which still contains living members? A)examining the fossil record B) comparison of homologous structures C) comparative embryology D) comparative anatomy E)DNA or RNA analysis
E)DNA or RNA analysis
25) To observe natural selection's effects on a population what must be true? A) One must observe more than one B) The population must contain genetic generation of the population. variation. C) Members of the population must increase or decrease the use of some portion of their anatomy. D) Only A and C are correct. E)Only A and B are correct.
E)Only A and B are correct.
