AP Human Geography: Chapter 7 Ethnicities

Tutsis

- 15% of population - Cattle herders who migrated to Rwanda & Burundi - Took control & made Hutus their serfs - Counter-attack and cleansed Hutus

Hutus

- 85% of population - Farmers in Rwanda & Burundi - Gained control in 1962 & began to ethnically cleanse Tutsi in 1994

Sudan

- Arab-Muslim gov't in north & other ethnicities in south, west & east - S: black Christians & animists (war with North resulted in forming South Sudan) - W: black Muslims in Darfur fought with North (U.N. considered rapes & murders by Sudanese gov't genocide) Somalia - E: many ethnicities fought gov't with support from Eritrea over disbursement of oil

Somalia

- Mostly Sunni Muslims that speak Somali - Population is divided among several clans & sub-clans - Declared independent states of Somaliland (N), Puntland (NE), Galmudug (center), Southwestern Somalia (S) - Islamic militias took control in 2000s

Ethnicity vs. Nationality

- Shared values such as religion, language & material culture - Identifies groups with distinct ancestry & cultural traditions, i.e. Polish Americans

Nationality vs. Ethnicity

- Shared values such as voting, getting a passport, performing civic duties - Identifies citizens of a country, i.e. people of the United States

List important/interesting facts regarding the creation of the post-WWI country of Yugoslavia.

- Yugoslavia was created by the Allies to unite several Balkan ethnicities because they spoke similar south Slavic languages - "Yugo" - Slavic for south - Josip Broz Tito governed for 27 years

How many Muslims migrated to East Pakistan (Bangladesh, today)?

1 million

How many people found themselves on the "wrong side of the boundary" in the 1940s?

17 million people

Discuss some of the issues that the Kurds suffer from.

30 million Kurds are split among several countries; 14 million live in eastern Turkey, 5 million in northern Iraq, 4 million in western Iran, 2 million in Syria, and the rest in other counties. To foster Turkish nationalism, Turks have repeatedly tried to suppress Kurdish culture; languages was illegal in Turkey until 1991. The Kurds have tried to gain independence in all countries without success. Currently, despite their numbers, they are an ethnicity with no corresponding Kurdish states. Instead, they are forced to live under the control of the region's more powerful nationalities.

How many Muslims migrated from India to West Pakistan (Pakistan, today)?

6 million

How many Hindus migrated from East and West Pakistan into India?

9.5 million

What happened in 1975? How has it been resolved?

A civil war where each religion established a militia to protect its territory. Each religion received half of the seats in parliament.

What is the difference between "African-American" and "black"?

African-American identifies a group of people with extensive cultural tradition. Black is just a term that denotes dark skin

Provide an example to illustrate that African-Americans or Hispanics in the U.S. are more urbanized.

African-Americans make up 85% of the Detroit population but only 7% of the rest of Michigan. Hispanics make up 25% of New York City's population but only account for 1/16th of the population for the state of New York.

African American Intraregional Migration

African-Americans were clustered in ghettos or housing projects within a city In 1950s densities were high & neighborhoods began to expand in 1970s

South Africa 1948

Afrikaners gained control when their Nationalist Party won elections when colonial rule in Africa was being replaced; reinstated Apartheid law and forced 99% of S.Africa's black population into 10 homelands.

List the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.

Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, former Yugoslavia

What ethnic group lives in Kosovo (and %)?

Albanians (90%)

South Africa 1994

All South Africans permitted to vote; Nelson Mandela became 1st black president of S.Africa

South Africa 1652

Apartheid system began when Dutch settled in Cape Town; people known as Afrikaners

South Africa 1991

Apartheid was repealed and the African National Congress legalized; leader Nelson Mandela released from jail.

What are centripetal forces?

Attitudes that unify people and enhance support for a state

Explain the key components of the apartheid system:

Based on race a legal status was determined: where one could live, go to school, work, own land, vote, etc.

If peace comes to the Balkan Peninsula in the next few years, why will it be "in a tragic way" according to the author of the textbook?

Because ethnic cleansing would have worked by forced killing or migration to create ethnic homogeneity

How has violence between these two groups (which goes back 2,000 years) been suppressed during the past 300 years?

Because they were under European control

Who got the best deal? Who got the worst deal? Explain.

Bosnia Serbs got the best deal because they got the most land with only 1/3 of the population. Bosnian Muslims for the worst deal because they only got 25% of the land even though they made up 50% of the population

What was agreed upon at the accords signed between these rival ethnicities in Dayton, Ohio in 1996?

Bosnian Serbs got ½ the land; Bosnia Croats got ¼ of the land; Bosnian Muslims got ¼ of land

South Africa 1795

Britain seized the Dutch colony and controlled South Africa's government until mid 20th century

Explain the difference between ethnicity and nationality in the UK

Comprises Great Britain and Northern Ireland for ethnicity British-nationality

Define balkanized:

Description of small geographic areas that couldn't be organized into stable states because of the many ethnicities with antagonisms toward each other

"Separate But Equal"

Discouraged special interaction and kept blacks and whites in separate neighborhoods through restrictive covenants

How did Lebanon's 1943 constitution seek to solve the religion problem?

Each religion was to be represented in the Chamber of Deputies

African American Interregional Migration

Emigrating from South to North after WWI & WWII to get factory jobs

Ethiopia & Eritrea

Ethiopia & Eritrea - Eritrea given to Ethiopia after WWII - Eritrean legislature dissolved & use of Tigrinya language banned - Eritrea rebelled in 30 year fight & gained independence in 1993 but still disputed border - Eritrea has Christians & Muslims and 2 ethnic groups (Tigrinya & Tigre) - Ethiopia is multiethnic 2 major groups: Amharas (Christians) & Oromo (Muslim fundamentalists)

Regarding the Yugoslav refrain that was common during the rule of Josip Tito, identify the following of Yugoslavia's:

FIVE NATIONALITIES... Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrans, Serbs & Slovenes FOUR LANGUAGES... Croatian, Macedonia, Serbian & Slovene (Montenegrans speak Serbian) THREE RELIGIONS... Catholic in North, Orthodox in East & Islam in South TWO ALPHABETS... Roman Alphabet (Croatian/Slovene) & Cyrillic (Macedonian/Serbian)

African American Forced Migration

Forced migration to American colonies in 1700s as slaves thru triangular trade

The foreign minister...

Greek Orthodox Christian

How does the U.S. Census Bureau consider Hispanic/Latino?

Hispanic & Latino aren't considered races. So, they aren't on the census. Hispanics can select white, black or other

What are the three most numerous ethnicities in the United States?

Hispanics, African American and Asian American

Define race:

Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor

Define nationality:

Identity with a group of people who share a legal attachment & personal allegiance to a particular country

Define ethnicity:

Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a homeland or hearth.

"White Flight"

Instead of integrating, whites fled areas that anticipated black immigrating into

What is the "problem" with the way the U.S. Census Bureau defines "Asian"?

It lumps together people from different Asian countries

What happened to many of the refugees as they traveled?

Killed by rival religious members

How did the U.S. and U.N. respond?

Launched an air attack on Serbia

What is nationalism?

Loyalty and devotion to a nationality

Religions of Lebanon

Maronite Greek Orthodox Shiite Muslims Sunni Muslims Druze Muslims

The president...

Maronite Christians

How has the make-up of the population changed since 1943?

Muslims are the majority now, not Christians

"Blockbusting"

Neighborhoods would change from all white to all black due to unscrupulous real estate practices

Why is the region of Kashmir a problem?

Pakistan & India never agreed on a boundary line

Define apartheid:

Physical separation of different races into different geographic areas

Define balkanization:

Process where a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

How do nations and states foster it?

Promoting symbols such as flags and songs

How is ethnic cleansing different than normal warfare?

Removal of ever member of the ethnicity: men & women; children & adults; frail/elderly & strong youth

What is the situation in Rwanda and Burundi today?

Rwanda & Burundi remain calm; most refugees have returned to the countries; democratic elections have been held

What country controlled Kosovo?

Serbia

With the breakup of Yugoslavia, what began to happen in Kosovo?

Serbia began to ethnically cleanse Albanian majority

The speaker of the chamber of deputies...

Shiite Muslims

Ethnic Group and % Language (family, etc.) Religion Where?

Sinhalese 82% Indo-European family & Indo-Iranian branch Buddhism Southern Sri Lanka

Hispanics Clustered in US

South/Southwest, Northern Cities

African Americans Clustered in US

Southeastern, Northern Cities

What occurred in 1948?

Sri Lanka became independent

The premier...

Sunni Muslims

Ethnic Group and % Language (family, etc.) Religion Where?

Tamil 14% Dravidian family Hindu Northern Sri Lanka

Which group is unhappy? Why?

Tamil because Sinhalese dominate the gov't, military, commerce & Tamil feel their ethnic identity is jeopardized.

What is racism?

The belief that race is the primary cause of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

What ethno-political problems did the country face after the death of Tito in the 80s and the fall of Communism in the 90s?

The creation of independent countries where territories didn't match the nationality

When the British ended colonial control of South Asia in 1947, how was the region divided politically, and how was the region divided ethnically (religiously)?

The land was divided into 2 countries: India & Pakistan, and they were religiously divided Hindu (India) & Muslim (Pakistan)

Why did Serbs and Croats in Bosnia (aka Bosnia-Herzegovina) ethnically cleanse themselves of Bosnia Muslims?

To justify their case from breaking away from Bosnia. Ensured they were better candidates to join with Serbia & Croatia.

Asian Americans Clustered in US

West Coast, CA and Hawaii

Define ethnic cleansing:

When a more powerful ethnic groups forcibly removes a less powerful ethnic group in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia

— Iraq: 3/4 of Iraqis are Arabs. 1/6 are Kurds. Arabs are split 2/3 Shiite and 1/3 Sunni. After removing Hussein from power, the U.S. expected a welcoming attitude from the Iraqi nation; however, it got between complex and violent struggle among ethnic groups. The Kurd welcomed the U.S. because they gained more security and autonomy. Sunni Muslim Arabs opposed the U.S. attack because they feared loss of power and privilege given to them by Hussein, a Sunni himself. Shiite Muslim Arabs also opposed the U.S. presence because, although they had been treated poorly by Hussein and the government, they had a long-standing hostility towards the U.S. along with their neighbors in Shiite-controlled Iran. — Iran: The most numerous ethnicity is Persian, but Azeri and Baluchi represent the important minorities. Persians contribute the world's largest ethnic group that adheres to Shiite Islam. — Afghanistan: The most numerous ethnicities are Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara. The unrest in Afghanistan originated from the rebellion by several ethnic groups against the government. After years of fighting, a faction of Pashtun called the Taliban gained control over most of the country in 1995. The U.S. invaded Afghanistan in 2001 and overthrew the Taliban government. — Pakistan: The most numerous ethnicity in Pakistan is Punjabi and has been since ancient times. Punjabi converted to Islam after they were conquered by the Muslim army in the 7th century. Pakistan's second largest ethnicity is Pashtun. Fighting between the Pakistan army and Taliban supporters caused the Taliban to forced Pakistanis to leave their homes and into camps.