chapter 8 psych

self awareness

A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions.

evaluation apprehension

Concern for how others are evaluating us.

When American troops entered Iraq's cities in 2003, looters took hospital beds, library books, and even lightbulbs. The fact that the looters often ran in large groups (producing feelings of anonymity), and they felt little responsibility for their actions relates to which concept?

Deindividualization

According to Marwin Shaw, all groups have this in common.

Group members interact.

The main critique of groupthink research is that the research was ______.

retrospective

Consistency, ______, and defection allow a minority opinion to influence the majority opinion in a group.

self-confidence

______ is the tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone

social loafing

In research involving participants in the online game World of Tanks (Shen et al., 2020), players were more likely to insult other players when ______.

their teammates did the same thing

______leaders are generally charismatic, energetic, self-confident extraverts, articulate high standards, inspire people to share their vision, and offer personal attention.

transformational

Which of the following often lead groups to overestimate their "might and right," sometimes leading to groupthink.

Illusion of invulnerability Unquestioned belief in the group's morality

Groupthink symptoms include which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Illusion of unanimity Stereotyped view of opponent Self-censorship

deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

Which of the following plays a role in the fact that our arousal is increased by the presence of others?

Mere presence

Which of the following are factors in our increased arousal by the presence of others?

Mere presence Evaluation apprehension Distractions

Which of the following are examples of circumstances that increase self-awareness, thus decreasing the likelihood of deindividuation?

Name tags Cameras Mirrors

Which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?

Rationalization

This symptom of groupthink occurs when group members see those outside of the group as evil, weak, or unintelligent.

Stereotyped view of opponent

According to research by Mann (1981) and Smith, et al. (2020), what factors made crowds more likely to encourage a person who was threatening to jump from a building or bridge?

a large group at night

Norman Tripplet (1898) compared children winding a fishing reel alone with children winding the reel along with others performing the same task. Triplett was attempting to demonstrate that ______.

another's presence boosts performance

In order to keep from suppressing information sharing and degrading the quality of decisions, groups should ______.

be impartial

When a minority in a group demonstrates self-confidence, the majority ______.

begins to self doubt

Task leaders generally have a ________ style that keeps the group's attention and effort focused on its mission.

directive

According to research, the _____ a mob of people, the more likely its members are to commit atrocities.

larger

Latane, Williams, and Harkins (1979) found that when participants believed others were also shouting or clapping, they produced ______ noise than when they thought they were alone. Multiple choice question.

less

Philip Zimbardo (1970) dressed women in identical white coats and hoods and asked them to deliver electric shocks to a woman. They pressed the shock button _____ women who were unconcealed and wearing name tags. Multiple choice question.

longer than

Research shows that when a group is brainstorming, if debate and criticism occurs within the group, then:

quality of ideas increases.

Groupthink

"The mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action." —Irving Janis, "Groupthink," 1971

One analyst of technology's social effects (quoted by Stelter, 2008) noted that the anonymous nature of online communities increases participants' ______.

"callousness"

social facilitation

(1) Original meaning: the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present. (2) Current meaning: the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others.

_______ leadership organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals, whereas ______ leadership builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.

Task; social

social loafing

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.

_______ leadership occurs when group members think about the good of the group collective more than their own, personal needs.

Transformational

True or false: Janis's evidence for groupthink is retrospective, leading many researchers to question the validity of the research.

True

Which of the following is an example of social loafing in everyday life?

Tug of war

According to a research study conducted by McGlynn et al. (1995) and Wright et al. (1990), several heads in a group critiquing one another______.

can allow the group to avoid some forms of cognitive bias

Defections from the majority, self-confidence, and ______ allow a minority opinion to influence the majority opinion in a group setting

consistency

Norman Triplett (1898) noticed that:

cyclists' times were faster when they raced together compared with when racing alone.

____ is the loss of self-awareness in groups.

deindividuation

Deindividuation occurs when _____ and _____ combine and normal inhibitions diminish.

diffused responsibility; arousal

Two or more individuals who interact with each other meet the definition of a ______.

group

___ influences when people tend to lose their sense of self and become "deindividualized."

group size

Groups experiencing _____ do not consider alternative ideas, and they desire harmony at the expense of quality decisions.

groupthink

Generally, the effect of others' presence ______ with their number.

increases

When people are less self-aware, deindividuation _____.

increases

The ______ is the tendency for people with minority views to express them less quickly than do people in the majority.

minority slowness effect

When a _____ group demonstrates self-confidence, the ______ group begins to self doubt.

minority; majority

According to studies conducted by Lount and Wilk ( 2014), in workplace group experiments, employees had produced Blank______ when their individual performance was posted when compared with when it was not posted.

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