AP Human Geography: Chapter 7 Ethnicities
Tutsis
- 15% of population - Cattle herders who migrated to Rwanda & Burundi - Took control & made Hutus their serfs - Counter-attack and cleansed Hutus
Hutus
- 85% of population - Farmers in Rwanda & Burundi - Gained control in 1962 & began to ethnically cleanse Tutsi in 1994
Sudan
- Arab-Muslim gov't in north & other ethnicities in south, west & east - S: black Christians & animists (war with North resulted in forming South Sudan) - W: black Muslims in Darfur fought with North (U.N. considered rapes & murders by Sudanese gov't genocide) Somalia - E: many ethnicities fought gov't with support from Eritrea over disbursement of oil
Somalia
- Mostly Sunni Muslims that speak Somali - Population is divided among several clans & sub-clans - Declared independent states of Somaliland (N), Puntland (NE), Galmudug (center), Southwestern Somalia (S) - Islamic militias took control in 2000s
Ethnicity vs. Nationality
- Shared values such as religion, language & material culture - Identifies groups with distinct ancestry & cultural traditions, i.e. Polish Americans
Nationality vs. Ethnicity
- Shared values such as voting, getting a passport, performing civic duties - Identifies citizens of a country, i.e. people of the United States
List important/interesting facts regarding the creation of the post-WWI country of Yugoslavia.
- Yugoslavia was created by the Allies to unite several Balkan ethnicities because they spoke similar south Slavic languages - "Yugo" - Slavic for south - Josip Broz Tito governed for 27 years
How many Muslims migrated to East Pakistan (Bangladesh, today)?
1 million
How many people found themselves on the "wrong side of the boundary" in the 1940s?
17 million people
Discuss some of the issues that the Kurds suffer from.
30 million Kurds are split among several countries; 14 million live in eastern Turkey, 5 million in northern Iraq, 4 million in western Iran, 2 million in Syria, and the rest in other counties. To foster Turkish nationalism, Turks have repeatedly tried to suppress Kurdish culture; languages was illegal in Turkey until 1991. The Kurds have tried to gain independence in all countries without success. Currently, despite their numbers, they are an ethnicity with no corresponding Kurdish states. Instead, they are forced to live under the control of the region's more powerful nationalities.
How many Muslims migrated from India to West Pakistan (Pakistan, today)?
6 million
How many Hindus migrated from East and West Pakistan into India?
9.5 million
What happened in 1975? How has it been resolved?
A civil war where each religion established a militia to protect its territory. Each religion received half of the seats in parliament.
What is the difference between "African-American" and "black"?
African-American identifies a group of people with extensive cultural tradition. Black is just a term that denotes dark skin
Provide an example to illustrate that African-Americans or Hispanics in the U.S. are more urbanized.
African-Americans make up 85% of the Detroit population but only 7% of the rest of Michigan. Hispanics make up 25% of New York City's population but only account for 1/16th of the population for the state of New York.
African American Intraregional Migration
African-Americans were clustered in ghettos or housing projects within a city In 1950s densities were high & neighborhoods began to expand in 1970s
South Africa 1948
Afrikaners gained control when their Nationalist Party won elections when colonial rule in Africa was being replaced; reinstated Apartheid law and forced 99% of S.Africa's black population into 10 homelands.
List the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, former Yugoslavia
What ethnic group lives in Kosovo (and %)?
Albanians (90%)
South Africa 1994
All South Africans permitted to vote; Nelson Mandela became 1st black president of S.Africa
South Africa 1652
Apartheid system began when Dutch settled in Cape Town; people known as Afrikaners
South Africa 1991
Apartheid was repealed and the African National Congress legalized; leader Nelson Mandela released from jail.
What are centripetal forces?
Attitudes that unify people and enhance support for a state
Explain the key components of the apartheid system:
Based on race a legal status was determined: where one could live, go to school, work, own land, vote, etc.
If peace comes to the Balkan Peninsula in the next few years, why will it be "in a tragic way" according to the author of the textbook?
Because ethnic cleansing would have worked by forced killing or migration to create ethnic homogeneity
How has violence between these two groups (which goes back 2,000 years) been suppressed during the past 300 years?
Because they were under European control
Who got the best deal? Who got the worst deal? Explain.
Bosnia Serbs got the best deal because they got the most land with only 1/3 of the population. Bosnian Muslims for the worst deal because they only got 25% of the land even though they made up 50% of the population
What was agreed upon at the accords signed between these rival ethnicities in Dayton, Ohio in 1996?
Bosnian Serbs got ½ the land; Bosnia Croats got ¼ of the land; Bosnian Muslims got ¼ of land
South Africa 1795
Britain seized the Dutch colony and controlled South Africa's government until mid 20th century
Explain the difference between ethnicity and nationality in the UK
Comprises Great Britain and Northern Ireland for ethnicity British-nationality
Define balkanized:
Description of small geographic areas that couldn't be organized into stable states because of the many ethnicities with antagonisms toward each other
"Separate But Equal"
Discouraged special interaction and kept blacks and whites in separate neighborhoods through restrictive covenants
How did Lebanon's 1943 constitution seek to solve the religion problem?
Each religion was to be represented in the Chamber of Deputies
African American Interregional Migration
Emigrating from South to North after WWI & WWII to get factory jobs
Ethiopia & Eritrea
Ethiopia & Eritrea - Eritrea given to Ethiopia after WWII - Eritrean legislature dissolved & use of Tigrinya language banned - Eritrea rebelled in 30 year fight & gained independence in 1993 but still disputed border - Eritrea has Christians & Muslims and 2 ethnic groups (Tigrinya & Tigre) - Ethiopia is multiethnic 2 major groups: Amharas (Christians) & Oromo (Muslim fundamentalists)
Regarding the Yugoslav refrain that was common during the rule of Josip Tito, identify the following of Yugoslavia's:
FIVE NATIONALITIES... Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrans, Serbs & Slovenes FOUR LANGUAGES... Croatian, Macedonia, Serbian & Slovene (Montenegrans speak Serbian) THREE RELIGIONS... Catholic in North, Orthodox in East & Islam in South TWO ALPHABETS... Roman Alphabet (Croatian/Slovene) & Cyrillic (Macedonian/Serbian)
African American Forced Migration
Forced migration to American colonies in 1700s as slaves thru triangular trade
The foreign minister...
Greek Orthodox Christian
How does the U.S. Census Bureau consider Hispanic/Latino?
Hispanic & Latino aren't considered races. So, they aren't on the census. Hispanics can select white, black or other
What are the three most numerous ethnicities in the United States?
Hispanics, African American and Asian American
Define race:
Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor
Define nationality:
Identity with a group of people who share a legal attachment & personal allegiance to a particular country
Define ethnicity:
Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a homeland or hearth.
"White Flight"
Instead of integrating, whites fled areas that anticipated black immigrating into
What is the "problem" with the way the U.S. Census Bureau defines "Asian"?
It lumps together people from different Asian countries
What happened to many of the refugees as they traveled?
Killed by rival religious members
How did the U.S. and U.N. respond?
Launched an air attack on Serbia
What is nationalism?
Loyalty and devotion to a nationality
Religions of Lebanon
Maronite Greek Orthodox Shiite Muslims Sunni Muslims Druze Muslims
The president...
Maronite Christians
How has the make-up of the population changed since 1943?
Muslims are the majority now, not Christians
"Blockbusting"
Neighborhoods would change from all white to all black due to unscrupulous real estate practices
Why is the region of Kashmir a problem?
Pakistan & India never agreed on a boundary line
Define apartheid:
Physical separation of different races into different geographic areas
Define balkanization:
Process where a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
How do nations and states foster it?
Promoting symbols such as flags and songs
How is ethnic cleansing different than normal warfare?
Removal of ever member of the ethnicity: men & women; children & adults; frail/elderly & strong youth
What is the situation in Rwanda and Burundi today?
Rwanda & Burundi remain calm; most refugees have returned to the countries; democratic elections have been held
What country controlled Kosovo?
Serbia
With the breakup of Yugoslavia, what began to happen in Kosovo?
Serbia began to ethnically cleanse Albanian majority
The speaker of the chamber of deputies...
Shiite Muslims
Ethnic Group and % Language (family, etc.) Religion Where?
Sinhalese 82% Indo-European family & Indo-Iranian branch Buddhism Southern Sri Lanka
Hispanics Clustered in US
South/Southwest, Northern Cities
African Americans Clustered in US
Southeastern, Northern Cities
What occurred in 1948?
Sri Lanka became independent
The premier...
Sunni Muslims
Ethnic Group and % Language (family, etc.) Religion Where?
Tamil 14% Dravidian family Hindu Northern Sri Lanka
Which group is unhappy? Why?
Tamil because Sinhalese dominate the gov't, military, commerce & Tamil feel their ethnic identity is jeopardized.
What is racism?
The belief that race is the primary cause of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race
What ethno-political problems did the country face after the death of Tito in the 80s and the fall of Communism in the 90s?
The creation of independent countries where territories didn't match the nationality
When the British ended colonial control of South Asia in 1947, how was the region divided politically, and how was the region divided ethnically (religiously)?
The land was divided into 2 countries: India & Pakistan, and they were religiously divided Hindu (India) & Muslim (Pakistan)
Why did Serbs and Croats in Bosnia (aka Bosnia-Herzegovina) ethnically cleanse themselves of Bosnia Muslims?
To justify their case from breaking away from Bosnia. Ensured they were better candidates to join with Serbia & Croatia.
Asian Americans Clustered in US
West Coast, CA and Hawaii
Define ethnic cleansing:
When a more powerful ethnic groups forcibly removes a less powerful ethnic group in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
— Iraq: 3/4 of Iraqis are Arabs. 1/6 are Kurds. Arabs are split 2/3 Shiite and 1/3 Sunni. After removing Hussein from power, the U.S. expected a welcoming attitude from the Iraqi nation; however, it got between complex and violent struggle among ethnic groups. The Kurd welcomed the U.S. because they gained more security and autonomy. Sunni Muslim Arabs opposed the U.S. attack because they feared loss of power and privilege given to them by Hussein, a Sunni himself. Shiite Muslim Arabs also opposed the U.S. presence because, although they had been treated poorly by Hussein and the government, they had a long-standing hostility towards the U.S. along with their neighbors in Shiite-controlled Iran. — Iran: The most numerous ethnicity is Persian, but Azeri and Baluchi represent the important minorities. Persians contribute the world's largest ethnic group that adheres to Shiite Islam. — Afghanistan: The most numerous ethnicities are Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara. The unrest in Afghanistan originated from the rebellion by several ethnic groups against the government. After years of fighting, a faction of Pashtun called the Taliban gained control over most of the country in 1995. The U.S. invaded Afghanistan in 2001 and overthrew the Taliban government. — Pakistan: The most numerous ethnicity in Pakistan is Punjabi and has been since ancient times. Punjabi converted to Islam after they were conquered by the Muslim army in the 7th century. Pakistan's second largest ethnicity is Pashtun. Fighting between the Pakistan army and Taliban supporters caused the Taliban to forced Pakistanis to leave their homes and into camps.