Research Misconduct (RCR-Basic)

Which of the following is true regarding research misconduct?

Federal funding agencies typically rely on an institution to make the initial response to an allegation of research misconduct. Federal funding agencies typically rely on an institution to make the initial response to an allegation of research misconduct.

The entity that normally is supposed to determine whether an academic researcher's conflict of interest can be managed is:

A conflict of interest committee Academic institutions typically have a conflict of interest committee that determines whether a researcher's conflicts of interest are manageable.

If a friendship with an applicant could interfere with a hiring decision, this is typically referred to as:

A personal conflict of interest. Personal conflicts of interest can include situations where a friendship with an applicant or other individual could interfere with a hiring decision.

Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative suggests that:

An action is morally correct if it can be universalized. Kant's categorical imperative involves trying to discern whether an action could be made into a universal law that everyone would have to follow.

Ecocentrism is the view that:

An entire ecosystem can have moral value. Ecocentrism is the view that an entire ecosystem can have moral value.

Which of the following is the clearest example of a macroethical issue?

Balancing risks and benefits from nanotechnology research. The conflict of interest and implant device scenarios are better characterized as microethical issues. The overall obligation to investigate the risks and benefits of nanotechnology is the clearest example of a macroethical issue.

Which of the following statements is true regarding authorship practices?

Both within and between disciplines, practices differ with regard to who should be included as an author, and in what order they should be listed. Trainees should understand the variety of authorship policies that are common to their own field and sub-fields. It is best to have these policies explained and understood when a trainee first begins a project.

The anthropocentric viewpoint implies that:

Engineers should consider how much pollution their devices create because of how human health is affected. Anthropocentrism implies that the environment should be protected because it serves the interests of human beings to do so.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines?

Individuals who do not meet the criteria for authorship but who have made a noteworthy contribution are normally listed in the acknowledgments section. Authors must make significant contributions to the research. In general, contributors who do not meet the criteria for authorship should usually be listed in the acknowledgments section.

According to the U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy, fabrication involves:

Making up data or results and recording or reporting them. Fabrication involves making up data or results, recording the data in a permanent record, sharing fake data informally or in a written report.

Which of the following is true about the management of conflicts of interest?

Management plans are often created to reduce the impact of conflicts of interest. Organizations often create management plans to reduce the impact of conflicts of interest rather than completely eliminating them. However, in some cases, it will be necessary to eliminate a conflict of interest.

Which type of inappropriate practice most likely occurred if a researcher takes credit for someone else's idea and does not acknowledge the original source?

Plagiarism. This situation most likely involves plagiarism. Plagiarism includes using another person's ideas or words without giving appropriate credit to the original source.

Which of the following represents plagiarism?

Presenting someone else's ideas or words and claiming them as one's own. Presenting someone else's ideas or words and claiming them as one's own.

Reviewers have a responsibility to promote ethical peer review by:

Preserving the confidentiality of the submission. Authors of a paper or a grant proposal expect that their valued original information is respected and confidentiality preserved in order to attain the credit for their hard work.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the responsibilities of reviewers?

Reviewers should identify the positive and negative aspects of a manuscript, and indicate where improvements are needed. Reviewers should be fair and objective and only agree to review manuscripts that they are qualified to evaluate. The information gained through the review is confidential and should not be used for any purpose unrelated to the review process.

Requiring industries to recycle 25% of plastics in their manufacturing process is an example of:

Risk management.Comment Requiring industries to recycle materials is an effort to try to manage risk.

Which of the following is the most appropriate step to take if authors believe that their manuscript was reviewed unfairly?

The author can contact the editor with their concerns. Authors who believe that their work has been unfairly reviewed should contact the journal editor with their specific concerns. If the editor agrees that the reviewer was biased, the editor can search for other reviewers.

If researchers allow their moral or other personal beliefs to influence their objectivity, this is most likely an example of:

A conflict of conscience A conflict of conscience occurs when personal beliefs could influence objectivity.

The main reason that the Royal Society of London developed the modern form of peer review was to:

Control the quality of published papers. The Royal Society of London developed the modern form of peer review in order to control the quality of published papers.

Which of the following is the most effective strategy for preventing research misconduct?

Good mentoring. Among the options mentioned, good mentoring is the most effective strategy for preventing research misconduct.

Which of the following most accurately describes the practice of ghost authorship?

It is a situation where the individual who wrote the manuscript is not listed as an author. It is a situation where the individual who wrote the manuscript is not listed as an author.

Which of the following most accurately describes a conflict of commitment?

It occurs when outside activities interfere with obligations to one's primary employer. Conflicts of commitment occur when outside activities could interfere with obligations to one's primary employer.

Which of the following is true regarding an acknowledgments section?

The contributions of technicians and other researchers are often listed in the acknowledgments section if they do not meet all of the criteria for authorship. Sponsors and others who were involved with a project but who do not meet all of the requirements of an author are usually recognized in the acknowledgments section in the article.

http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/public_access https://par.nsf.gov/ https://publicaccess.nih.gov/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

U.S. agencies seek to have researchers make their published work openly available to the public

Which of the following is true regarding the traditional peer review process:

Under single-blind review, the identity of the author is revealed to the reviewer. For either type of review, authors are not directly informed of the identities of the reviewers. In single-blind review, the identity of the author is revealed to the reviewer.

Which of the following is most likely to be considered plagiarism?

Using materials from a source without proper citation.Plagiarism is the deceptive practice of using another person's ideas or words without giving appropriate credit to the original source.