Chapters 12, 7, 2, - Land and Water Use

subsurface mining

Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 feet) below the surface of Earth, miners must dig deep shafts and tunnels into the ore stream, elevators are used to make tunnels accessible, must be well-ventilated and structurally supported

which of the following summarizes the precautionary principle

better safe than sorry

long-line (pelagic or bottom)

boat extends long main line at chosen depth, snoods (shorter lines) are attached to the main line and end with baited hooks each long-line can be miles long and bear thousands of baited hooks

nonrenewable resources are

finite in supply

in which of the following states or areas would you not find significant amounts of old-growth forests

new england

dynamite/cyanide

not practiced on large scale, explosives or poisons are used to stun fish, results in extreme damage to marine habitats, typically illegal but still continues

overburden

overlying vegetation, soil, and rocks that must be removed to expose the ore deposit

mollusks

oyster, clam, scallop, octopus, squid

the second law of thermodynamics would tend to support

people eating more grain than meat

logging in riparian areas can be detrimental to the overall health of the riparian ecosystem due to

sedimentation from eroded soils

nearly all of a stand's trees are harvested in one cutting, leaving a few uniformly distributed fertile trees to regenerate the stand

seed-tree cutting

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) (1974, US)

set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health

Clean Water Act (1972, US)

set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways and created pollutant discharge permits goal = to make water swimmable and fishable

removal of all mature trees in two or three cuttings over a period of about ten years

shelterwood cutting

crustaceans

shrimp, crab, lobster, krill

prescribed burns may be beneficial due to which of the following

some species depend on periodic fire for survival and chances of a potential crown fire are decreased

a corridor of trees is cut completely along the contour of the land, with the corridor narrow enough to allow natural regeneration within a few years

strip-cutting

the one area of the world that is not expected to increase food production soon is

sub-saharan africa

a renewable resource, human action has little to do with the life-span of this resource

sun

the level below which a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply throughout the world or in a particular area

sustainable yield

national forests are supposed to be managed on a

sustainable-yield basis and multiple-use basis

harpooning or spearfishing

target fish is caught with a barbed spear, harpooning mainly used in commercial whaling and some fishing (tuna, swordfish), spearfishing mainly used in dive catching and sport fishing

the largest wetlands restoration project in U.S. history is

the Florida Everglades

which of the following is an external cost of car ownership

the cost of adding pollutants to the air by driving

the goal of full-cost pricing is to have people and businesses pay

the costs of harm they do to others and the environment

the degradation of spaces on and surrounding Earth which are outside of the domain/ownership rule of any country is known as

the tragedy of the commons

bycatch

the unwanted fish and other marine creatures caught during commercial fishing for a different species

most grain that is grown in the United States is used

to feed cattle

which of the following is a goal of the National Park service

to preserve nature in parks and to make nature more available to the public

a potentially renewable resource

trees

open water fish (pelagic)

tuna, mackerel, sardine, herring, salmon, anchovy

which of the following would increase or enhance the sustainability of fisheries

use labels that allow consumers to identify fish that have been harvested sustainably, reduce or eliminate fishing subsidies, and impose fees for harvesting fish and shellfish from publicly owned and managed offshore waters

pot, creeps, or traps

used for bottom-dwelling continental-shelf species (crabs, lobsters, octopus), baited traps are placed at the bottom, fish and mollusks enter the trap and cannot escape, are retrieved days later

dredging

used for shellfish (scallops, oysters, clams), special basket is dropped into bottom mud and dragged through the mud, lifted out to be harvested, mostly done in shallow waters

farmers can sharply reduce fertilizer runoff by

using prescribed amounts of fertilizer and planting legumes and other nitrogen-fixing plants

the majority of nutrients and calories in the average human diet come from

wheat, corn, rice

a nonrenewable resource and a metallic mineral

aluminum

hook and line

(more individual scale) boat places multiple short lines with baited hooks, fish attack bait and become hooked, lines are reeled in to harvest fish

all of the following are environmental consequences of increased meat production

-concentrations of pollution problems such as foul smells from feedlots -contaminants of drinking water wells by nitrates from animal waste -increase pressure on the world's grain supply to be used to feed animals - increase inputs of energy from fossil fuels

ways that humans have had a negative effect on earth (to support growing human population)

-fragmenting and degrading species habitat -overharvesting renewable resources -altering chemical cycling and energy flows in ecosystems -eliminating some predator species

oceans cover about ____% of the surface of the earth

75%

surface mining

Removing soil, subsoil, and other strata and then extracting a mineral deposit found fairly close to the earth's surface.

which of the following laws/policies reduced the amount of CFC's in the atmosphere in order to repair the hole in the ozone layer

The Montreal Protocol

which of the following best illustrates regulatory taking of property

a land owner is not permitted to use part of his/her property as he/she wishes because an endangered species is found in this area

a major cause of soil erosion and degradation is

all: poor farming techniques overgrazing by livestock off-road vehicles

pole and line (bait boat fishing)

a type of hook and line fishing in which schooling fish are attracted to the surface and hooked singly with fishing poles and baited hooks, fish are reeled out of water for harvest

the major cause of decreased inland wetland areas in the United Sates is

agricultural practices and approaches

a nonrenewable resource and a nonmetallic mineral

clay

removal of all trees from a given area in a single cutting

clear-cutting

a nonrenewable resource and a fossil fuel

coal

bottom-dwelling fish (demersal)

cod, haddock, flounder

Kyoto Protocol (1977, 192 countries signed and ratified but not US)

controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developing countries

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (1976, US)

controls hazardous waste with a "cradle to grave" system from storage, treatment, transportation, to disposal

CERCLA (Superfund) (1980, US)

created $1.6 billion Superfund designed to identify and clean up abandoned hazardous waste dump sites, established liability for clean up costs is source could be indentified

the following is not an environmental consequence of increased meat production

decrease in the spread of diseases such as mad cow disease in herd animals

dive catching

divers (snorkel, scuba, hardhat) go into water and individually catch fish of interest, useful for coral reef fishes (grouper, snapper) and mollusks/shellfish (lobsters, scallops, abalone, giant clams)

tells consumers which brands are made with processed that do not harm the environment

ecolabeling

National Environmental Policy Act (1969, US)

environmental impact statements must be done before any project affecting federal lands is started, created a council on environmental quality

Clean Air Act (1970, US)

established national primary and secondary air quality standards, set emission standards for cars and limits for release of air pollutants

the president is part of the _______ branch

executive

trawling

large funnel shaped net held open by two wooden flaps is deployed, boat moves along in water scooping fish into net

purse-seine fishing

large net is deployed around and underneath school or fish, net is pulled up and looks like a drawstring purse

CITES (1975, 182 countries + EU)

lists species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products

drift net fishing

long ribbon-like net kept afloat by buoys is deployed to form a long fence in which fish's gills get caught, can be used for hours or days

a major harmful effect of soil erosion is

loss of soil fertility

tailings

piles of discarded rock that contain hazardous substances such as lead and mercury, water pours through the piles and mines and becomes contaminated, then contaminates the bodies of water it flows into, this is present in both surface and subsurface mining

Montreal Protocol (1987, 197 countries - first treaty in history of UN to achieve universal ratification)

plan to limit and eventually phase out ozone depleting substances (CFCs)

which is true regarding the maximum sustained yield method of managing the world's marine fisheries

populations and growth of fish stocks are difficult to measure and predict

which of the following is a cause of tropical deforestation

poverty and population growth

an even-aged management strategy's goal is

production of maximum return on a short-term basis

Delaney Clause of Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1958, US)

prohibits the addition to the human food supply of any chemical that has caused cancer in humans or animals

Lacey Act (1900, US)

prohibits trade in wildlife, fish, and plants that have been illegally taken, possessed, transported, or sold

Endangered Species Act (1973, US)

protects threatened and endangered animals in the US and puts their protection over economic considerations

stripmining

pulling strips of earth away until the ore deposit is reached

in a ______, price is determined solely by supply and demand

pure free-market economic system

the greatest threat to most species is

reduction of habitats