Anatomy and Physiology
Thoracic Cavity - Located? what organs does it contain?
. Located: chest lungs, mediastinum, heart, esophagus, trachea, blood vessels
nervous system
Controls muscles and glands responds to sensory stimuli helps control all systems responsible for consciousness intelligence memory nerves brain sense organs
glandular epithelial tissue Exocrine
Invaginated epithelium into connective tissue and secretion Ex: sweat, mammary, salivary
glandular epithelial tissue Endocrine
Lack ducts• Secrete hormones into blood
Transitional Epithelium
Many layers of cells with apical cells rounded on the surface Function: accommodate volume changes for urine Location: urinary tract and bladder
Stratified Squamous Epithelium KERATINIZED
Many layers-flat cells Basal layer has cuboidal shape Apical cells have flat shape Function: protect against friction and abrasion Keratinized Superficial layers of dead cells - lack nuclei Cells migrate from basal region to apical surface Location: epidermis
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Most common Fluctuates within normal range - set point opposite direction of stimulus Self corrects ex: thermostat
What is part of the physiologic process?
Negative feedback typically keeps these processes in check. The control center is generally the nervous system or endocrine system. These processes are dynamic. When homeostasis fails disease or even death occurs.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium NON ciliated
Non-ciliated RARE Function: protection location: male urethra, epididymis
Stratified Squamous Epithelium NON KERATINIZED
Non-keratinized All cells are alive nuclei moist with secretions Location: lining the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus
what is Epithelial Tissue characteristics
Organized in sheets/layers tightly packed cells Little/no extracellular matrix Covers/lines body surface, cavities, glands Exhibit polarity• Apical surface - "free side" Basal surface - attached side Basement membrane• Base or bottom Avascular - no direct blood supply Innervation regeneration
In a serous membrane, what is the name of the membrane portion that touches and surrounds the organ?
Parietal serosa
epithelial tissue functions
Physical protection Selective permeability-absorption/secretion secretions Endocrine or exocrine Sensation• House nerves
skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
RARE two or more layers of rectangular-shaped cells functions: protection and secretion Location: large ducts of salivary glands, conjunctiva, membranous male urethra
Classification of Epithelium by cell shape Columnar
Rectangular, oval nucleus
Serous Membranes• Parietal layer- Visceral layer- Serous cavity -
Serous Membranes Parietal layer - outside Visceral layer - inside Serous cavity - between
Classification of Epithelium Pseudostratified
Single layer all cells in contact with basement membrane Not all reach the apical surface
Classification of Epithelium simple
Single layer functions: filtration, absorption, secretion
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Single layer of cube-shaped cells, spherical nucleus Function: designated for absorption and secretion Location: kidney tubules, secretory regions and ducts of most glands
Simple Columnar Epithelium NON ciliated
Single layer of rectangular shaped cells Non-ciliated Contains microvilli on apical surface Function: absorption and secretionLocation: lining of digestive tract
Classification of Epithelium by cell shape Cuboidal
Square, round nucleus
Characteristics that describe epithelial tissue
The cells are bound closely together. The basal surface is bound to a basement membrane. It is composed almost entirely of cells.
What is epithelial tissue?
a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
Simple Squamous Epithelium
a single layer of flat cells Function: rapid movement across surface Location: lines air sacs of lungs, lines vessel walls serous membranes
What's an example of connective tissue proper?
adipose
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium CILIATED
appears as multiple layers, but single layer All cells in direct contact with basement membrane Not all cells reach apical surface Ciliated function: protection location: large passageways of the respiratory system
levels of organization and their level
chemical level atom molecule macromolecules organelle cellular level cells tissue level tissues organ level organ organism
What are examples of a positive feedback loop?
childbirth, breast feeding & blood clotting
Cells of cartilage are called
chondrocytes
what is most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed tissue in the body
connective tissue
integrates input and initiates change
control center
locations of epithelial tissue?
covers body surfaces lines body cavities lines many organs covers many organs
Dorsal contains
cranial cavity & vertebral canal
what are three are functions of adipose tissue
cushions shock provides padding acts as an insulator to slow heat loss
what does it depend on for transitional cells to change shape from polyhedral to flat
degree of stretch
Ventral contains thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities separated by ______
diaphragm
brings about a change in response to a stimulus
effector
what type of protein fibers is found in connective tissue that allows body parts to stretch and is wavy?
elastic
keratinized stratified squamous lines the _______
epidermis of skin
what are majority of glands composed of
epithelial
what glands have ducts and excrete products to the surface of the skin or into the lumen.
exocrine
do epithelial cells migrate over the wound to turn the remains into a scar ? t or f?
false turn into scab/clot
what happens in step 3 of wound healing?
fibroblast produce new collagen in the region.
The replacement scar tissue is produced by ______ and composed primarily of ______ fibers.
fibroblasts; collagen
visceral pericardium
forms the hearts external surface
What is nervous tissue?
generate and transmit electrical signals
what is the vascular connective tissue that forms a healing wound called
granulation tissue
Sebaceous glands are ______ glands that are oily, waxy secretion called ______.
holocrine; sebum
What type of cartilage is surrounds the perichondrium and is clear, glassy appearance?
hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage is located
in costal cartilages in the fetal skeleton at the ends of long bones in the nose
What is the visceral pleura?
inner layer that covers external part of the lungs
epithelial tissue features
it is richly innervated it lacks blood vessels it has a high regeneration capacity
simple cuboidal epithelium
kidney tubules ducts of most glands
fixed macrophages
large cells phagocytize damaged cells and pathogens
Positive Feedback Mechanism1. Less common2. Stimulus causes moving in same direction• Self-reinforcing ex: breastfeeding 3. Climatic event causes return
less common stimulus same direction self-reinforcing climatic event causes return ex: breastfeeding
what are connective tissue cells derived from monocytes in the blood and reside in the extracellular matrix after leaving the blood?
macrophages
what is the most numerous & highly distributed sweat glands in the body
merocrine sweat glands
What is a tissue?
multiple cells of the same time working together
most processes in the body are controlled by which type of feedback?
negative feedback
what direction does negative feedback process result in
opposite direction of a stimulus
What is the parietal pleura?
outer layer of serous membrane; lines thoracic cavity
what is the serous membrane that is the outermost layer of the sac that surrounds the heart?
parietal pericardium
what happens when a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction is it a neg or pos feedback
positive feedback
fibroblasts
produce fibers and ground substance
Functions of muscle tissue include
propulsion of materials through digestive tract voluntary movements of body parts contraction of the heart
Connective tissue, although diverse, share which of the following basic components?
proteins fibers ground substance cells
What secretion do apocrine sweat glands produce composed of ______ and ______ by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor?
proteins; lipids
integumentary system
provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss skin hair nails
perceives a stimulus
receptor
which type of connective tissue one would find in the stroma of lymph nodes, in the spleen, the thymus, and in the bone marrow.
reticular
What are characteristics of epithelial tissue?
sensations selective permeability secretions physical protection
A receptor typically consists of ______.
sensory neurons
serous membranes Surrounding the heart - pericardium Surrounding the lungs - pleura Surrounding the abdomen - peritoneum
serous membranes Surrounding the heart - pericardium Surrounding the lungs - pleura Surrounding the abdomen - peritoneum
How to classify epithelial tissue
shape of cells at apical surface number of cell layers
Simple Columnar Epithelium ciliated
single layer of rectangular shaped cells Ciliated Contains cilia on apical surface Function: secretion of mucin, movement along apical surface Location: lining of larger bronchioles and uterine tubes
An epithelial cell is classified as ______ if it is thin and flat.
squamous
Which epithelial cell is flat, wide, and irregular shaped?
squamous
order for homeostasis
stimulus, receptor, control center, effector
adipocytes
store lipid reserves
What is histology?
study of tissues
what are the two types of general exocrine glands?
sweat and sebaceous glands
where is dense regular connective tissue found in
tendons and ligaments
how are epithelial tissues able to repair themselves?
they regenerate
Classification of Epithelium stratified
two or more layers only the basal layer is in contact w/the basement membrane Function: withstand mechanical stress, protection
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
two or more layers cube-shaped cells Functions: protection and secretion Location: ducts of most exocrine glands and ovarian follicles
pseudostratified ciliated columnar lines the _____
upper respiratory tract
pelvic cavity
urinary bladder, distal colon, reproductive organs
transitional lines the _____
urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra
The ______ pericardium forms the heart's external surface.
visceral
What is the location of elastic connective tissue?
walls of large arteries
would a homeostatic imbalance occurs if a variable that's suppose to be controlled by negative feedback is instead controlled by positive feedback?
yes it is true
Classification of Epithelium by cell shape transitional
Balloon shaped, rounded
Classification of Epithelium by cell shape Squamous
Flat, spindle shaped nucleus
What explains why nutrients for epithelial cells are obtained by diffusion from the underlying connective tissue?
avascularity
What are the functions of connective tissue?
binding and support of structures storage and transport physical protection
What is connective tissue?
binds cells and tissues together
nonkeratinized stratified squamous lines the _________
body openings like the oral cavity, vagina, and anus
Control centers are generally portions of the
brain, thyroid gland, spinal cord
What is muscle tissue?
cells that contract to produce movement
