Anatomy and Physiology

Thoracic Cavity - Located? what organs does it contain?

. Located: chest lungs, mediastinum, heart, esophagus, trachea, blood vessels

nervous system

Controls muscles and glands responds to sensory stimuli helps control all systems responsible for consciousness intelligence memory nerves brain sense organs

glandular epithelial tissue Exocrine

Invaginated epithelium into connective tissue and secretion Ex: sweat, mammary, salivary

glandular epithelial tissue Endocrine

Lack ducts• Secrete hormones into blood

Transitional Epithelium

Many layers of cells with apical cells rounded on the surface Function: accommodate volume changes for urine Location: urinary tract and bladder

Stratified Squamous Epithelium KERATINIZED

Many layers-flat cells Basal layer has cuboidal shape Apical cells have flat shape Function: protect against friction and abrasion Keratinized Superficial layers of dead cells - lack nuclei Cells migrate from basal region to apical surface Location: epidermis

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Most common Fluctuates within normal range - set point opposite direction of stimulus Self corrects ex: thermostat

What is part of the physiologic process?

Negative feedback typically keeps these processes in check. The control center is generally the nervous system or endocrine system. These processes are dynamic. When homeostasis fails disease or even death occurs.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium NON ciliated

Non-ciliated RARE Function: protection location: male urethra, epididymis

Stratified Squamous Epithelium NON KERATINIZED

Non-keratinized All cells are alive nuclei moist with secretions Location: lining the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus

what is Epithelial Tissue characteristics

Organized in sheets/layers tightly packed cells Little/no extracellular matrix Covers/lines body surface, cavities, glands Exhibit polarity• Apical surface - "free side" Basal surface - attached side Basement membrane• Base or bottom Avascular - no direct blood supply Innervation regeneration

In a serous membrane, what is the name of the membrane portion that touches and surrounds the organ?

Parietal serosa

epithelial tissue functions

Physical protection Selective permeability-absorption/secretion secretions Endocrine or exocrine Sensation• House nerves

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

RARE two or more layers of rectangular-shaped cells functions: protection and secretion Location: large ducts of salivary glands, conjunctiva, membranous male urethra

Classification of Epithelium by cell shape Columnar

Rectangular, oval nucleus

Serous Membranes• Parietal layer- Visceral layer- Serous cavity -

Serous Membranes Parietal layer - outside Visceral layer - inside Serous cavity - between

Classification of Epithelium Pseudostratified

Single layer all cells in contact with basement membrane Not all reach the apical surface

Classification of Epithelium simple

Single layer functions: filtration, absorption, secretion

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single layer of cube-shaped cells, spherical nucleus Function: designated for absorption and secretion Location: kidney tubules, secretory regions and ducts of most glands

Simple Columnar Epithelium NON ciliated

Single layer of rectangular shaped cells Non-ciliated Contains microvilli on apical surface Function: absorption and secretionLocation: lining of digestive tract

Classification of Epithelium by cell shape Cuboidal

Square, round nucleus

Characteristics that describe epithelial tissue

The cells are bound closely together. The basal surface is bound to a basement membrane. It is composed almost entirely of cells.

What is epithelial tissue?

a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

Simple Squamous Epithelium

a single layer of flat cells Function: rapid movement across surface Location: lines air sacs of lungs, lines vessel walls serous membranes

What's an example of connective tissue proper?

adipose

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium CILIATED

appears as multiple layers, but single layer All cells in direct contact with basement membrane Not all cells reach apical surface Ciliated function: protection location: large passageways of the respiratory system

levels of organization and their level

chemical level atom molecule macromolecules organelle cellular level cells tissue level tissues organ level organ organism

What are examples of a positive feedback loop?

childbirth, breast feeding & blood clotting

Cells of cartilage are called

chondrocytes

what is most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed tissue in the body

connective tissue

integrates input and initiates change

control center

locations of epithelial tissue?

covers body surfaces lines body cavities lines many organs covers many organs

Dorsal contains

cranial cavity & vertebral canal

what are three are functions of adipose tissue

cushions shock provides padding acts as an insulator to slow heat loss

what does it depend on for transitional cells to change shape from polyhedral to flat

degree of stretch

Ventral contains thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities separated by ______

diaphragm

brings about a change in response to a stimulus

effector

what type of protein fibers is found in connective tissue that allows body parts to stretch and is wavy?

elastic

keratinized stratified squamous lines the _______

epidermis of skin

what are majority of glands composed of

epithelial

what glands have ducts and excrete products to the surface of the skin or into the lumen.

exocrine

do epithelial cells migrate over the wound to turn the remains into a scar ? t or f?

false turn into scab/clot

what happens in step 3 of wound healing?

fibroblast produce new collagen in the region.

The replacement scar tissue is produced by ______ and composed primarily of ______ fibers.

fibroblasts; collagen

visceral pericardium

forms the hearts external surface

What is nervous tissue?

generate and transmit electrical signals

what is the vascular connective tissue that forms a healing wound called

granulation tissue

Sebaceous glands are ______ glands that are oily, waxy secretion called ______.

holocrine; sebum

What type of cartilage is surrounds the perichondrium and is clear, glassy appearance?

hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage is located

in costal cartilages in the fetal skeleton at the ends of long bones in the nose

What is the visceral pleura?

inner layer that covers external part of the lungs

epithelial tissue features

it is richly innervated it lacks blood vessels it has a high regeneration capacity

simple cuboidal epithelium

kidney tubules ducts of most glands

fixed macrophages

large cells phagocytize damaged cells and pathogens

Positive Feedback Mechanism1. Less common2. Stimulus causes moving in same direction• Self-reinforcing ex: breastfeeding 3. Climatic event causes return

less common stimulus same direction self-reinforcing climatic event causes return ex: breastfeeding

what are connective tissue cells derived from monocytes in the blood and reside in the extracellular matrix after leaving the blood?

macrophages

what is the most numerous & highly distributed sweat glands in the body

merocrine sweat glands

What is a tissue?

multiple cells of the same time working together

most processes in the body are controlled by which type of feedback?

negative feedback

what direction does negative feedback process result in

opposite direction of a stimulus

What is the parietal pleura?

outer layer of serous membrane; lines thoracic cavity

what is the serous membrane that is the outermost layer of the sac that surrounds the heart?

parietal pericardium

what happens when a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction is it a neg or pos feedback

positive feedback

fibroblasts

produce fibers and ground substance

Functions of muscle tissue include

propulsion of materials through digestive tract voluntary movements of body parts contraction of the heart

Connective tissue, although diverse, share which of the following basic components?

proteins fibers ground substance cells

What secretion do apocrine sweat glands produce composed of ______ and ______ by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor?

proteins; lipids

integumentary system

provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss skin hair nails

perceives a stimulus

receptor

which type of connective tissue one would find in the stroma of lymph nodes, in the spleen, the thymus, and in the bone marrow.

reticular

What are characteristics of epithelial tissue?

sensations selective permeability secretions physical protection

A receptor typically consists of ______.

sensory neurons

serous membranes Surrounding the heart - pericardium Surrounding the lungs - pleura Surrounding the abdomen - peritoneum

serous membranes Surrounding the heart - pericardium Surrounding the lungs - pleura Surrounding the abdomen - peritoneum

How to classify epithelial tissue

shape of cells at apical surface number of cell layers

Simple Columnar Epithelium ciliated

single layer of rectangular shaped cells Ciliated Contains cilia on apical surface Function: secretion of mucin, movement along apical surface Location: lining of larger bronchioles and uterine tubes

An epithelial cell is classified as ______ if it is thin and flat.

squamous

Which epithelial cell is flat, wide, and irregular shaped?

squamous

order for homeostasis

stimulus, receptor, control center, effector

adipocytes

store lipid reserves

What is histology?

study of tissues

what are the two types of general exocrine glands?

sweat and sebaceous glands

where is dense regular connective tissue found in

tendons and ligaments

how are epithelial tissues able to repair themselves?

they regenerate

Classification of Epithelium stratified

two or more layers only the basal layer is in contact w/the basement membrane Function: withstand mechanical stress, protection

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

two or more layers cube-shaped cells Functions: protection and secretion Location: ducts of most exocrine glands and ovarian follicles

pseudostratified ciliated columnar lines the _____

upper respiratory tract

pelvic cavity

urinary bladder, distal colon, reproductive organs

transitional lines the _____

urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra

The ______ pericardium forms the heart's external surface.

visceral

What is the location of elastic connective tissue?

walls of large arteries

would a homeostatic imbalance occurs if a variable that's suppose to be controlled by negative feedback is instead controlled by positive feedback?

yes it is true

Classification of Epithelium by cell shape transitional

Balloon shaped, rounded

Classification of Epithelium by cell shape Squamous

Flat, spindle shaped nucleus

What explains why nutrients for epithelial cells are obtained by diffusion from the underlying connective tissue?

avascularity

What are the functions of connective tissue?

binding and support of structures storage and transport physical protection

What is connective tissue?

binds cells and tissues together

nonkeratinized stratified squamous lines the _________

body openings like the oral cavity, vagina, and anus

Control centers are generally portions of the

brain, thyroid gland, spinal cord

What is muscle tissue?

cells that contract to produce movement