Anatomy & Physiology Ch. 6
Which of the following statements concerning the periosteum of a bone is NOT true?
All bone surfaces in the body are covered by the periosteum.
During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the periosteum
Appositional growth in width involves the adding of layers of lamellar (compact) bone along the bone's outer surface
During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the endosteum
Bone resorption, bone widens
Red marrow
Produces blood cells and spongy bone in infants
Yellow marrow
Stores fat
What is the role of osteoclasts in the endosteum during long bone growth?
They proportionally increase the size of the medullary cavity as the bone grows to prevent the weight of the growing skeleton from becoming too heavy.
The twisting of a long bone is prevented by which of the following?
circumferential lamellae
The two types of osseous tissue are __________.
compact bone and spongy bone
appositional growth
diameter bone growth, grow taller
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would occur in the __________.
diaphysis
Long bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is similar to __________.
endochondral ossification
Which structure allows diaphysis of the bone to increase until childhood
epiphyseal line
Mary is 50 years old. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals that portions of her skeleton show signs of osteoporosis. After reviewing the test results, her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone is prescribed for Mary?
estrogen
The menisci of the knee are made of __________.
fibrocartilage
During fetal intramembranous ossification, bone develops from __________.
fibrous connective tissue membranes
Before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is composed of __________.
fibrous membrane
A narrow, slitlike opening in a bone is referred to as a __________.
fissure
Intramembranous ossification __________.
forms cranial bones
In long bone formation, from what embryonic structure does the articular hyaline cartilage on the end of an adult long bone arise?
from the original hyaline cartilage bone model of the embryo
Growth of cartilage in which chondrocytes within the matrix proliferate is known as __________.
interstitial growth
When the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced by bone, __________.
long bones have reached their adult length
Which of the following is a canal-like passageway allowing vasculature and nerves to move through the bone?
meatus
In an adult, yellow marrow is located in the __________.
medullary cavity of the diaphysis
epiphyseal plate (bottom to top)
ossification zone, calcification zone, hypertrophic zone, proliferation zone, resting zone
Parathyroid hormone stimulates __________ activity.
osteoclasts
The cells that maintain mature compact bone are __________.
osteocytes
The lacunae of bone contain __________.
osteocytes
Spongy bone contains all of the following EXCEPT __________.
osteons
A condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function is __________.
osteoporosis
Bone-forming cells originate from __________.
osteoprogenitor cells
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium into the bloodstream
parathyroid hormone
which of the following structures anchor(s) the periosteum to the underlying bone?
perforating fibers
Bones store energy as lipids in __________.
yellow marrow
Homeostatic blood calcium levels should range from __________.
9 to 11 milligrams per 100 milliliters
During bone growth, which event is most significant at the epiphyseal plate
Calcification of the cartilage matrix
Which epiphyseal plate zone contains dying and deteriorating chondrocytes?
Calcification zone
Interstitial grown
Changes to bone day to day
Osteoblasts_______________.
Form new bone
elastic cartilage
Found in ear, cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage
Which bones would be formed by the process of intramembranous ossification?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and clavical
Fibrocartilage
Intervertebral discs, meniscus of knee
Which of the following characteristics of skeletal cartilage limits its thickness?
It is avascular and receives most of its nourishment from the perichondrium that surrounds it.
hyaline cartilage
Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose
Which of the following diseases would most likely be associated with a disorder at epiphyseal plate
achondroplasia-shortening of the long bones
The bones in the long axis of the body make up the __________ skeleton.
axial
If blood calcium levels are high then ________ will be released
calcitonin
The exceptional hardness of bones is largely due to the presence of __________.
calcium phosphate
Osteocytes maintain contact with the blood vessels of the central canal through __________.
canaliculi
If a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient, what disease is most likely to develop in the nursing infant?
rickets
achrondroplasis
short limb dwarf
Which type of cartilage is NOT properly matched with its function?
skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways
Which of the following is the site where bone marrow is routinely sampled in an adult?
the sternum
spongey bone contains
trabeculae