Anatomy & Physiology Ch. 6

Which of the following statements concerning the periosteum of a bone is NOT true?

All bone surfaces in the body are covered by the periosteum.

During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the periosteum

Appositional growth in width involves the adding of layers of lamellar (compact) bone along the bone's outer surface

During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the endosteum

Bone resorption, bone widens

Red marrow

Produces blood cells and spongy bone in infants

Yellow marrow

Stores fat

What is the role of osteoclasts in the endosteum during long bone growth?

They proportionally increase the size of the medullary cavity as the bone grows to prevent the weight of the growing skeleton from becoming too heavy.

The twisting of a long bone is prevented by which of the following?

circumferential lamellae

The two types of osseous tissue are __________.

compact bone and spongy bone

appositional growth

diameter bone growth, grow taller

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would occur in the __________.

diaphysis

Long bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is similar to __________.

endochondral ossification

Which structure allows diaphysis of the bone to increase until childhood

epiphyseal line

Mary is 50 years old. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals that portions of her skeleton show signs of osteoporosis. After reviewing the test results, her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone is prescribed for Mary?

estrogen

The menisci of the knee are made of __________.

fibrocartilage

During fetal intramembranous ossification, bone develops from __________.

fibrous connective tissue membranes

Before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is composed of __________.

fibrous membrane

A narrow, slitlike opening in a bone is referred to as a __________.

fissure

Intramembranous ossification __________.

forms cranial bones

In long bone formation, from what embryonic structure does the articular hyaline cartilage on the end of an adult long bone arise?

from the original hyaline cartilage bone model of the embryo

Growth of cartilage in which chondrocytes within the matrix proliferate is known as __________.

interstitial growth

When the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced by bone, __________.

long bones have reached their adult length

Which of the following is a canal-like passageway allowing vasculature and nerves to move through the bone?

meatus

In an adult, yellow marrow is located in the __________.

medullary cavity of the diaphysis

epiphyseal plate (bottom to top)

ossification zone, calcification zone, hypertrophic zone, proliferation zone, resting zone

Parathyroid hormone stimulates __________ activity.

osteoclasts

The cells that maintain mature compact bone are __________.

osteocytes

The lacunae of bone contain __________.

osteocytes

Spongy bone contains all of the following EXCEPT __________.

osteons

A condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function is __________.

osteoporosis

Bone-forming cells originate from __________.

osteoprogenitor cells

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium into the bloodstream

parathyroid hormone

which of the following structures anchor(s) the periosteum to the underlying bone?

perforating fibers

Bones store energy as lipids in __________.

yellow marrow

Homeostatic blood calcium levels should range from __________.

9 to 11 milligrams per 100 milliliters

During bone growth, which event is most significant at the epiphyseal plate

Calcification of the cartilage matrix

Which epiphyseal plate zone contains dying and deteriorating chondrocytes?

Calcification zone

Interstitial grown

Changes to bone day to day

Osteoblasts_______________.

Form new bone

elastic cartilage

Found in ear, cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage

Which bones would be formed by the process of intramembranous ossification?

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and clavical

Fibrocartilage

Intervertebral discs, meniscus of knee

Which of the following characteristics of skeletal cartilage limits its thickness?

It is avascular and receives most of its nourishment from the perichondrium that surrounds it.

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

Which of the following diseases would most likely be associated with a disorder at epiphyseal plate

achondroplasia-shortening of the long bones

The bones in the long axis of the body make up the __________ skeleton.

axial

If blood calcium levels are high then ________ will be released

calcitonin

The exceptional hardness of bones is largely due to the presence of __________.

calcium phosphate

Osteocytes maintain contact with the blood vessels of the central canal through __________.

canaliculi

If a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient, what disease is most likely to develop in the nursing infant?

rickets

achrondroplasis

short limb dwarf

Which type of cartilage is NOT properly matched with its function?

skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways

Which of the following is the site where bone marrow is routinely sampled in an adult?

the sternum

spongey bone contains

trabeculae