Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1-2 Study Guide

What are some of the minor body cavities?

oral- mouth digestive- anus nasal- sinuses orbital- eyes middle ear- ear drums synovial- lubricated cavities around skeletal joints

what does ¨complimentary of structure and function¨ mean?

It is how an organ or system functions that depends on its structure

What are the major body divisions and directional terms?

MAJOR BODY DIVISIONS 1. Axial- head, neck, trunk 2. Appendicular- all appendages/limbs DIRECTIONAL TERMS superior- toward the head inferior- towards the feet anterior(ventral)- front of the body posterior(dorsal)- back of the body medial- toward the midline of the body lateral- away from the midline of the body Intermediate- between the medial and lateral structure proximal- closer to the attachment point of arm or leg distal- farther away from the attachment point of an arm or leg superficial- close to the body surface deep- further into the body

How does positive and negative feedback work?

Negative feedback (Bad): ~brings the factor or variable back to balance. ~works like a thermostat ex; heart rate & blood glucose levels Positive feedback: ~causes the factor or variable to proceed at an increasing rate. ~ snowball effect ex; blood clotting & labor of child birth

what is protein denaturation?

proteins are very sensitive to changes in pH and temperature. When these factors move outside of normal levels the peptide bonds being to break. This causes the protein molecules to unfold and lose their shape. The protein is then said to be DENATURED. This can be reversed in most cases when stable conditions are restored - thus the importance of homeostasis.

what are the major body cavities?

*organs in the ventral body cavity are held in place by double-layered membranes called serosa membranes. The layers are separated by a liquid called a serious fluid which cushions the movement of the organs.

What are the body planes?

1. sagittal plane- VERTICAL plane that divides the body into LEFT & RIGHT sections. 2. frontal plane- VERTICAL plane that divides the body into ANTERIOR (FRONT) & POSTERIOR (BACK). 3. Transverse plane- HORIZONTAL plane that divides the body into SUPERIOR (TOWARDS THE HEAD) & INFERIOR (TOWARDS THE FEET).

What is the difference between Anatomy & Physiology?

Anatomy is the study of the STRUCTURE of the human body and its parts. Physiology is the study of how parts of the body work and carry out their FUNCTIONS.

What is biochemistry and the two categories of chemical compounds?

Biochemistry is the study of chemical composition and the chemical reactions in living things. The 2 types of chemical compounds are organic and inorganic. Organic compounds ALL contain carbon and tend to be very large. Inorganic compounds are any compound that isn´t organic, most are simple molecules.

What is the structure of carbohydrates & what are their biological function?

Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. 1. Monosaccharides are simple or single sugars that include hexose (6 carbon) and Pentose (5 carbon). 2. Disaccharides are double sugars formed from 2 monosaccharides. They are mostly used a cellular fuel after being converted into ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).

What are enzymes and why are they so important to life?

Enzymes are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts. catalysts are substances that regulate the RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS BUT ARE UNCHANGED IN THE PROCESS. They are so important because without them, metabolism would proceed so slowly that life would not be possible. Some enzymes are pure proteins, but many require a coenzyme ( usually a vitamin) to assist them. All enzymes end with the suffix of ¨-ase¨. Most enzymes work by lowering the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed rapidly.

What is homeostasis?

It is the body´s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions ( State of balance). It is controlled by the nerve and endocrine systems through a process of feedback. Homeostasis is so important that most disease can be described as a result of a homeostatic imbalance.

What are the life functions and survival needs in humans?

LIFE FUNCTIONS ~ Maintain boundaries ~Movement ~Responsiveness ~Digestion ~Metabolism ~Excretion ~Reproduction ~Growth SURVIVAL NEEDS ~Nutrients ~Water ~Oxygen ~Normal body temperature ~Appropriate Atmospheric pressure

What are the structures of lipids and proteins & what are their biological functions?

Lipids are oils and fats that are insoluble in water (cannot dissolve or mix). Lipids are used for energy production and storage in the form of fats. 1. Triglycerides are fats (solids) and oils (liquids) composed of fatty acids and one glycerol. *Food fats- unsaturated fats are liquids at room temperature and most are plant oils ( Good ). Saturated fats are solid at room temperature and most are animal fats (bad). IMAGE IS AN UNSATURATED TRIGLYCERIDE

What are the abdominopelvic regions?

-divided by a tic-tac-toe grid

What are the 3 main topics in the study of Anatomy and physiology?

1. Complimentary of structure and function 2. Hierarchy of structural organization 3. Homeostasis

What are some common inorganic compounds and their importance?

1. Water- the MOST important and abundant inorganic compound in the body. *has a high heat capacity, is a universal solvent, and is involved with many chemical reactions. 2. Salts- dissolve into ions that are known ad electrolytes. *essential for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. 3. Acids- have a sour taste and release HYDROGEN ions when dissolved. *ex; HCL-->H^+ + Cl^- Hydrocloric acid ---> Hydrogen ion + chlorine ion 4. Bases- have a bitter taste and release HYDROXYL ions when dissolved. *ex; NaOH---->Na^+ + OH sodium hydroxide-->sodium ion + Hydroxyl ion

what are organic polymers & how are they constructed?

An organic polymers are repeating, chain-like molecules made up of smaller units called monomers. These chains are created by dehydration synthesis (removal of water).

What is the hierarchy of structural organization in humans?

chemical - all things are made up of atoms and molecules cellular- cells are the smallest units of life tissue- groups of similar cells that have a common function organ- structures composed of two or more tissues that perform a specific function organ system- organs work together for a common purpose organismal- all organ systems working together to enable a living thing to carry out all of life´s functions.

What is the anatomical position?

The anatomical position is standing straight with arms down and palms forward.