anatomy and physiology chapter 11-13

glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

propriceptors

Respond to skeletal muscles, tendons joints and ligaments

grey matter

The portions of the central nervous system that are abundant in cell bodies of neurons rather than axons. Unmyelinated.

diencephalon is composed of

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

cerebral cortex

"executive suite" of brain - site of the conscious mind - superficial layer of gray matter - composed of neuron cell bodies dentrites

endorphins

"morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

premotor cortex

-helps plan movements -controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills -coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions -controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback

primary olfactory cortex

-located within temporal lobe -provides conscious awareness of smells

somatosensory association cortex

-posterior to primary somatosensory cortex -integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of object -determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt

lateral ventricle

A complexly shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain.

stroke

A sudden attack of weakness or paralysis that occurs when blood flow to an area of the brain is interrupted

Prosencephalon

The embryonic portion of the brain that becomes the forebrain.

third ventricle

The midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricles to the fourth ventricle.

primary visual cortex

The region of the cerebral cortex that receives information directly from the visual system; located in the occipital lobe

GABA

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

primary visual cortex damage

blind

sensory

conscious awareness of sensation

cortex 4

conscious behavior involves the entire cortex in one way or another

central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord

motor

control voluntary movement

frontal eye field

controls voluntary eye movements

serotonin

depression, bi polar (LSD, alcohol, ecstasy)

cortex 2

each hemisphere is concerned with contralateral (opposite) side of the body

dopamine

excitement, achievement, good food, good sex (cocaine, alcohol)

ventricles

fluid filled chambers that are continuous to one another and to central canal of spinal cord

spatial discrimination

identification of body region being stimulated

association

integrate diverse information

primary auditory cortex

interprets information from the inner ear as pitch loudness and location - superior margin of temporal lobes

pyramidal cell

large neurons that allow conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movement

cortex 3

lateralization (specialization) of cortical function can occur in only one hemisphere

cerebral hemispheres

Form the superior part of the brain, and are characterized by ridges and groves called gyri and sulci.

gustatory cortex

In insula just deep to temporal lobe Involved in perception of taste

ependymal cells

line cavities of the brain and spinal cord, circulate cerebrospinal fluid

primary somatosensory cortex

located in postcentral gyro of parietal love

Primary (somatic) motor cortex

located in precentral gyros of frontal lobe (skeletal muscle movement, multipolar nueron)

visceral sensory area

Posterior to gustatory cortex - Conscious perception of visceral sensations, such as upset stomach or full bladder

cortex 1

motor area, sensory, association

white matter

myelinated 90%

Acetylcholine

nictotine

left side of the primary motor cortex

paralysis

vestibular cortex

posterior part of the insula and adjacent parietal cortex - responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)

brocas's area

present in one hemisphere left - muscles for speaking

multimodal association area

receive input from multiple senses and integrate this into an overall perception of our surroundings

calcarine sulcus

separates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves

Myelination

signals go fast

auditory association area

stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds - location posterior to primary auditory cortex

damage to primary motor cortex

stroke

visual association area

surrounds the primary visual cortex and covers much of the occipital lobe; uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (color, form, and movement); complex processing involves entire posterior half of the hemisphere

Rhombencephalon

the embryonic portion of the brain that becomes the hindbrain

Mesencephalon

the midbrain; a region of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; includes the tectum and the tegmentum

fourth ventricle

the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon