anatomy and physiology chapter 2
disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
polysaccharide
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
________ reactions release energy. Catabolic Exergonic Decomposition Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition
Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition
inorganic compounds
Compounds that do not contain carbon and hydrogen together.
lipid
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
synthesis reaction
a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound
activation energy
amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed
ion
atom with an overall positive or negative charge
normal pH of human blood
between 7.35 and 7.45
element
cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical
exchange reaction
chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components
In all chemical reactions, including exchange reactions
components of the reactants are identical to the components of the products
organic compound
contains both carbon and hydrogen
peptide bond
covalent bond formed between amino acids
AB → A + B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction. anabolic endergonic decomposition exchange
decomposition
like salts, Acids and bases
dissolve in water into electrolytes
kinetic energy
energy of motion
octet rule
every atom wants to have eight valence electrons in its outermost electron shell.
true or false Acids and bases cant very much change the properties of the solutions in which they are dissolved
false
What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? glucose glycogen galactose glycerol
glucose
polar molecule
have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond
C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. polymer of carbohydrate pentose monosaccharide hexose monosaccharide all of the above
hexose monosaccharide
can identical atoms engage in ionic bonding
identical electronegativity and cannot form ionic bonds, valence shell needs 8.
When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes an ion an anion nonpolar all of the above
ion
monosaccharide
monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar
electron
negative charge and nearly no mass
pH
negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution
The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________. protons neutrons electrons atoms
neutrons
neutron
no electrical charge and found in the atom's nucleus
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose
A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? polysaccharides nucleic acids phosphorylated glucose glycogen
nucleic acids
four types of organic compounds important to human structure
nucleotide
isotope
number of neutrons differ from each other
atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Reactant
one or more substances that enter into the reaction
CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. inorganic organic reactive a crystal
organic
valence shell
outermost electron shell of an atom
Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________ calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
proton
positive charge and found in the atom's nucleus
The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. potential energy kinetic energy radiant energy activation energy
potential energy
enzyme
protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions
protein
rganic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature chewing stores potential energy chewing facilitates synthesis reactions saliva contains enzymes
saliva contains enzymes
atom
smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element
potential energy
stored energy
compound
substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
mass number
sum of the number of protons and neutrons
Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have? one two three four
two
covalent
two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells
three groups of inorganic compounds essential to life:
water, salts, acids, and bases