anatomy and physiology chapter 2

disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

polysaccharide

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

________ reactions release energy. Catabolic Exergonic Decomposition Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

inorganic compounds

Compounds that do not contain carbon and hydrogen together.

lipid

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

synthesis reaction

a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound

activation energy

amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed

ion

atom with an overall positive or negative charge

normal pH of human blood

between 7.35 and 7.45

element

cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical

exchange reaction

chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components

In all chemical reactions, including exchange reactions

components of the reactants are identical to the components of the products

organic compound

contains both carbon and hydrogen

peptide bond

covalent bond formed between amino acids

AB → A + B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction. anabolic endergonic decomposition exchange

decomposition

like salts, Acids and bases

dissolve in water into electrolytes

kinetic energy

energy of motion

octet rule

every atom wants to have eight valence electrons in its outermost electron shell.

true or false Acids and bases cant very much change the properties of the solutions in which they are dissolved

false

What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? glucose glycogen galactose glycerol

glucose

polar molecule

have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond

C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. polymer of carbohydrate pentose monosaccharide hexose monosaccharide all of the above

hexose monosaccharide

can identical atoms engage in ionic bonding

identical electronegativity and cannot form ionic bonds, valence shell needs 8.

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes an ion an anion nonpolar all of the above

ion

monosaccharide

monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar

electron

negative charge and nearly no mass

pH

negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution

The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________. protons neutrons electrons atoms

neutrons

neutron

no electrical charge and found in the atom's nucleus

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose

A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? polysaccharides nucleic acids phosphorylated glucose glycogen

nucleic acids

four types of organic compounds important to human structure

nucleotide

isotope

number of neutrons differ from each other

atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Reactant

one or more substances that enter into the reaction

CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. inorganic organic reactive a crystal

organic

valence shell

outermost electron shell of an atom

Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________ calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

proton

positive charge and found in the atom's nucleus

The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. potential energy kinetic energy radiant energy activation energy

potential energy

enzyme

protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions

protein

rganic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature chewing stores potential energy chewing facilitates synthesis reactions saliva contains enzymes

saliva contains enzymes

atom

smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

potential energy

stored energy

compound

substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

mass number

sum of the number of protons and neutrons

Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have? one two three four

two

covalent

two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells

three groups of inorganic compounds essential to life:

water, salts, acids, and bases