Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 20: Urinary System

What is hemodialysis? A disorder in which the kidneys are unable to perform their job. A term for a kidney transplant A process using an artificial membrane that cleans the blood outside the body. A disease of the blood that prevents it from circulating.

A process using an artificial membrane that cleans the blood outside the body.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located where which structures meet? Ascending limb of the nephron loop meets the afferent and efferent arterioles. Ascending limb of the nephron loop meets the glomerulus. Descending limb of the nephron loop meets the afferent arteriole. Nephron loop meets the peritubular capillaries.

ascending limb of the nephron loop meets the afferent and efferent arterioles

Select all that apply Indicate which three of these situations would result in an increase in GFR. vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole decreased glomerular osmotic pressure decreased capsular osmotic pressure vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole increased arterial blood pressure

decreased glomerular osmotic pressure vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole increased arterial blood pressure

Blood that passes through the glomerulus, and is not filtered, will enter the ___________ arteriole.

efferent

From the glomerular capillaries, blood flows into which blood vessel?

efferent arteriole

The kidneys produce a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production called

erythropoietin

Name the opening through which urine exits the body. internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter external urethral orifice

external urethral orifice

Pores, called ______, are located in the walls of glomerular capillaries and are important in allowing glomerular filtration. fenestrae podocytes slit pores

fenestraae

Glomerular ______ involves the movement of water and other small dissolved molecules and ions from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule.

filtration

In which direction do substances move during tubular reabsorption? from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule. from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries

from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries

The amount of fluid per minute entering the nephrons of both kidneys is the ___________ ___________ rate (GFR).

glomerular filtration

If a person is in renal failure, or if the kidneys are not functioning optimally, a person can be placed on, a process in which an artificial kidney cleanses the blood.

hemodialysis

What is the main driving force behind glomerular filtration? hydrostatic pressure of glomerular filtrate colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular filtrate colloid osmotic pressure of blood hydrostatic pressure of blood

hydrostatic pressure of blood

The thick segment of the nephron loop is ______ to water. permeable impermeable

impermeable

The ______ nephrons generate an osmotic gradient in the medullary interstitial fluid to allow for ______ reabsorption in the collecting ducts. juxtamedullary; water juxtamedullary; sodium cortical; water cortical; sodium

juxtamedullary; water

If ADH levels are ______, less water will be reabsorbed and the volume of urine will ______.

low; increase

If ADH levels are high, ______ water will be reabsorbed and ______ water will be excreted in the urine. more; more less; less more; less less; more

more; less

What is the term for the OVERALL pressure moving fluid into and out of the glomerulus? colloid osmotic pressure net filtration pressure (NFP) hydrostatic pressure

net filtration pressure (NFP)

When considering all of the pressures occurring within the renal corpuscle, does the NET PRESSURE move fluid into or out of the glomerular capillaries? into the glomerular capillaries out of the glomerular capillaries

out of the glomerular capillaries

Name the capillaries that surround the renal tubules within the renal cortex. peritubular capillaries glomerular capillaries vasa recta

peritubular capillaries

The kidneys help to regulate blood pressure by secreting an enzyme called

renin

The ______ segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water, and is permeable to NaCl. thin thick

thick

The waste product produced by amino acid catabolism, and excreted from the body through urine, is

urea

As urine leaves the kidney, which structure will it enter first? ureter urethra bladder

ureter

The action of ADH on the distal tubules and collecting ducts involves ______ reabsorption via osmosis.

water

Indicate the correct equation to calculate net filtration pressure. (forces opposing filtration) minus (forces favoring filtration) (forces favoring filtration) minus (forces opposing filtration)

(forces favoring filtration) minus (forces opposing filtration)

Click and drag on elements in order Urine produced in the nephron will pass through all of the following structures. Place them in the correct order, with the structure closest to the nephron at the top.

1. calyces 2. renal pelvis 3. ureter 4. urinary bladder 5. urethra

Click and drag on elements in order Place the following structures in order of urine elimination, with the structure closest to the renal pelvis at the top.

1. ureter 2. urinary bladder 3. urethra

Select all that apply Which conditions lead to production of a more dilute urine? ADH secretion increases ADH secretion decreases water reabsorption increases water reabsorption decreases

ADH secretion decreases water reabsorption decreases

Select all that apply Which structural elements enable the distention of the urinary bladder? The lining of the urinary bladder is composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue. The wall of the urinary bladder is folded. The wall of the urinary bladder is made up of stretchable smooth muscle tissue. The lining of the urinary bladder is composed of transitional epithelial tissue. The urinary bladder contains many extensible chambers for storage of urine.

The wall of the urinary bladder is folded. The wall of the urinary bladder is made up of stretchable smooth muscle tissue. The lining of the urinary bladder is composed of transitional epithelial tissue.

The arterioles that bring blood to the nephrons are called _____________ arterioles.

afferent

Which arteriole brings blood from the cortical radiate arteries into the nephron? interlobar arteriole cortical radiate arteriole afferent arteriole efferent arteriole

afferent arteriole

The vasoconstricting hormone called ______ also stimulates secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. renin angiotensin II angiotensin I

angiotensin II

The electrochemical gradient generated as the cation sodium (Na+) is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule leads to reabsorption of ______ such as Cl- by diffusion. glucose urea amino acids anions

anions

The electrochemical gradient generated as the cation sodium (Na+) is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule leads to reabsorption of ______ such as Cl- by diffusion. urea anions amino acids glucose

anions

The electrochemical gradient generated as sodium is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule also leads to the reabsorption of __________ by diffusion.

anions, chloride, or Cl-

The electrochemical gradient generated as sodium is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule also leads to the reabsorption of ____________ by diffusion.

anions, chloride, or Cl-

Describe the vasa recta. capillary beds between the afferent and efferent arterioles capillary beds within renal medulla capillary beds within renal cortex

capillary beds within renal medulla

What is the result of the micturition reflex? contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter relaxation of the external urethral sphincter

contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter

In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle ______ and the internal urethral sphincter ______. contracts; contracts relaxes; contracts contracts; relaxes relaxes; relaxes

contracts; relaxes

What is the function of renin? convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II stimulate vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrict convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

The nephrons classified as ______ nephrons are located close to the kidney surface and have relatively short nephron loops. juxtamedullary cortical

cortical

If there were fewer plasma proteins, colloid osmotic pressure would ______ and there would be a(n) ______ in filtration rate. increase; decrease decrease; decrease decrease; increase increase; increase

decrease ; increase

Water and sodium ions are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule in a relationship that results in a(n) ______ in tubular fluid volume that is ______ to plasma. decrease; hypertonic increase; hypertonic increase; isotonic decrease; isotonic

decrease ; isotonic

If the fluids of the body contain excess water, then ADH secretion will be ______ and the urine produced will be ______. decreased; dilute decreased; concentrated increased; dilute increased; concentrated

decreased; dilute

Which limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water but not solutes? ascending limb descending limb

descending limb

If a protein is filtered into the tubular fluid, how is it reabsorbed? diffusion endocytosis osmosis active transport

endocytosis

If a protein is filtered into the tubular fluid, how is it reabsorbed? endocytosis active transport osmosis diffusion

endocytosis

Place the following pressures in the correct category based on their effect on net filtration pressure.

favors filtration - glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure opposes filtration - capsular hydrostatic pressure and glomerular capillary osmotic pressure

Pores, called fenestrae, are found in the walls of the ______ and are important in allowing glomerular filtration. glomerular capillaries glomerular capsule afferent arteriole collecting duct

glomerular capillaries

Blood flows from the ______ into the efferent arteriole. peritubular capillary bed afferent arteriole cortical radiate artery glomerular capillary bed

glomerular capillary bed

Fluid initially filtered from the blood and found in the glomerular capsule is called ______. glomerular filtrate tubular fluid interstitial fluid plasma

glomerular filtrate

The first step in urine formation involves which process? tubular secretion glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular filtration

glomerular filtration

Match each process with the proper movement of materials.

glomerular filtration - Materials move from blood plasma into the glomerular capsule. tubular reabsorption - Materials move from the tubular fluid into the blood plasma. tubular secretion - Materials move from blood plasma into the tubular fluid.

What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called? minute urine volume glomerular filtration rate renal clearance

glomerular filtration rate

In glomerular filtration, substances move from the ______ into the ______. nephron; glomerulus nephron; peritubular capillaries glomerulus; nephron peritubular capillaries; nephron

glomerulus ; nephron

Like filtration in the systemic capillaries, the main force that moves substances through the glomerular capillary wall is the ______ pressure of the ______ inside. hydrostatic; blood osmotic; salts hydrostatic; oxygen colloid osmotic; blood

hydrostatic ; blood

What is located where the ascending limb of the nephron loop passes between the efferent and afferent arterioles? juxtaglomerular apparatus glomerular capsule glomerulus collecting duct

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Which structure secretes renin? collecting duct peritubular capillary glomerulus juxtaglomerular apparatus

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Name the subset of nephrons that has nephron loops extending deep into the renal medulla and renal corpuscles located near the renal medulla. juxtamedullary nephrons cortical nephrons glomerular nephrons

juxtamedullary nephrons

The structures within the kidney that are the most responsible for maintaining the high concentration gradient of solutes necessary for the kidneys to concentrate urine are the ______. renal corpuscles cortical nephrons juxtamedullary nephrons

juxtamedullary nephrons

Regulating the volume and composition of body fluids is the primary function of the ______. bladder liver blood kidneys

kidneys

The organs that function to regulate the removal of excess water, electrolytes, and metabolic wastes from body fluids are called the

kidneys

The structure that consists of a renal corpuscle and its associated renal tubule is called a(n)

nephron

Water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by the process of ______ as it follows sodium reabsorption. The result is a(n) ______ in tubular fluid volume. osmosis; increase active transport; increase osmosis; decrease active transport; decrease

osmosis ; decrease

With the cortical nephrons, blood passes from the efferent arterioles directly into the ____________ capillaries.

peritubular

Match the name of the fluid with its location.

plasma - glomerulus glomerular filtrate - glomerular capsule tubular fluid - renal tubule

Active reabsorption of sodium from tubular fluids results in a passive secretion of which of the following? calcium ions chloride ions potassium ions organic compounds

potassium ions

Multiple Choice Question Active reabsorption of sodium from tubular fluids results in a passive secretion of which of the following? organic compounds potassium ions calcium ions chloride ions

potassium ions

Which substance is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via endocytosis? glucose protein uric acid water

protein

Which substance is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via endocytosis? protein water glucose uric acid

protein

Most of tubular reabsorption occurs in which segment of the renal tubule? nephron loop distal tubule proximal tubule

proximal tubule

Glucose is initially found in the filtrate but absent from urine due to the process of tubular

reabsorption

Movement of materials from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries is called tubular

reabsorption

The enzyme renin is secreted by the kidneys. What is its function?

regulation of blood pressure

The two major components of a nephron are the ______. renal corpuscle and renal tubule renal pyramid and renal tubule renal corpuscle and glomerulus renal column and glomerulus

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

A role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is to secrete an enzyme called

renin

The enzyme that is released by the kidneys, called ______, acts to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. erythropoietin angiotensin-converting enzyme renin

renin

Select all that apply Urine is made up of substances that have been ______ and ______. filtered reabsorbed secreted

secreted; filtered

A passive secretion of potassium ions follows active reabsorption of _________ ions from the tubular fluid.

sodium

A passive secretion of potassium ions follows active reabsorption of ____________ ions from the tubular fluid.

sodium, Na, or Na+

Water is able to leave the tubular fluid of the _____________ segment of the nephron loop, following its osmotic gradient.

thin

Due to the presence of ______ tissue lining of the bladder, the thickness of the wall changes with the filling status of the bladder. fibrous connective simple squamous smooth muscle transitional epithelial

transitional epithelial

True or false: Urine exits the body via the external urethral orifice. True false question.

true

The proximal tubule is the primary location for which process? tubular reabsorption glomerular filtration tubular secretion

tubular reabsorption

Which compound is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood and urine? uric acid creatinine ammonia urea

urea

What type of capillary bed forms a relatively straight capillary loop in the renal medulla? vasa recta glomerulus peritubular capillaries

vasa recta

The effect of angiotensin II is to cause _______. vasodilation vasoconstriction

vasoconstriction

ADH acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts to increase _______________ reabsorption.

water