Anatomy and physiology Chapters 1-4

15. Which of the following statements about nutrients is true? a. All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival. b. Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day. c. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients. d. Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.

a. All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.

11. When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes a. an ion b. an anion c. nonpolar d. all of the above

a. an ion

8. The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________. a. cell b. molecule c. organ d. tissue

a. cell

12. In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? a. columnar b. stratified c. squamous d. transitional

a. columnar

18. Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? a. hydrogen and hydrogen b. hydrogen and helium c. helium and helium d. neon and helium

a. hydrogen and hydrogen

24. Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis? a. G0 b. G1 c. G2 d. S

b. G1

18. Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat? a. tendon b. adipose tissue c. reticular tissue d. dense connective tissue

b. adipose tissue

11. The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures? a. Golgi apparatus b. ribosomes c. lysosomes d. proteins

b. ribosomes

12. A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________. a. noble gas b. salt c. electrolyte d. dipole

b. salt

22. How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

c. 3

9. Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? a. H2O b. 2H c. H2 d. H+

c. H2

16. C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________. a. increasing the blood to her hands and feet b. becoming lethargic to conserve heat c. breaking down stored energy d. significantly increasing blood oxygen levels

c. breaking down stored energy

28. Which type of stem cell gives rise to red and white blood cells? a. endothelial b. epithelial c. hematopoietic d. mesenchymal

c. hematopoietic

25. C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above

c. hexose monosaccharide

21. To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________. a. coronal plane b. longitudinal plane c. midsagittal plane d. transverse plane

c. midsagittal plane

16. Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus? a. chromatin b. histones c. ribosomes d. nucleosomes

c. ribosomes

23. A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________. a. acid b. base c. salt d. buffer

c. salt

13. Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels? a. columnar b. pseudostratified c. simple squamous d. transitional

c. simple squamous

7. The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient. a. up; electrical b. up; electrochemical c. down; pressure d. down; concentration

d. down; concentration

27. Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency. a. multipotency, pleuripotency, oligopotency, unipotency b. pleuripotency, oligopotency, multipotency unipotency c. oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency d. pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency

d. pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotenc

10. The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________. a. cardiovascular system b. endocrine system c. muscular system d. skeletal system

d. skeletal system

22. Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate- chip batter is an example of a ________. a. solvent b. solute c. solution d. suspension

d. suspension

26. What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a. glucose b. glycogen c. galactose d. glycerol

a. glucose

14. Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell? a. mitochondria b. peroxisomes c. lysosomes d. ER

a. mitochondria

24. Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean? a. Ty's blood is slightly acidic. b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline. c. Ty's blood is highly acidic. d. Ty's blood is within the normal range

b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline.

15. The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features? a. protein-lined membrane pores b. a double cell membrane c. the synthesis of ribosomes d. the production of cellular energy

b. a double cell membrane

20. CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. a. inorganic b. organic c. reactive d. a crystal

b. organic

17. Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT? a. TAGGCGCG b. ATCCGCGC c. CGAATATA d. TGCCTCTC

c. CGAATATA

8. Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________. a. endocytosis b. passive transport c. active transport d. facilitated diffusion

c. active transport

27. Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose

c. amino

16. AB → A + B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction. a. anabolic b. endergonic c. decomposition d. exchange

c. decomposition

17. ________ reactions release energy. a. Catabolic b. Exergonic c. Decomposition d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

24. In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win? a. nuclear physics b. radiopharmaceuticals c. the link between radiation and cancer d. X-rays

d. X-rays

31. Uracil ________. a. contains nitrogen b. is a pyrimidine c. is found in RNA d. all of the above

d. all of the above

24. Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell? a. nuclei b. striations c. golgi bodies d. mitochondria

d. mitochondria

18. Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome a. DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome b. nucleosome, DNA, chromosome, chromatin c. DNA, chromatin, nucleosome, chromosome d. nucleosome, chromatin, DNA, chromosome

a. DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome

13. Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________. a. differentiation b. reproduction c. responsiveness d. both reproduction and responsiveness

a. differentiation

9. The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________. a. differentiation b. maturation c. modification d. specialization

a. differentiation

7. A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________. a. exercise physiologist b. microscopic anatomist c. regional physiologist d. systemic anatomist

a. exercise physiologist

21. Transcription and translation take place in the ________ and ________, respectively. a. nucleus; cytoplasm b. nucleolus; nucleus c. nucleolus; cytoplasm d. cytoplasm; nucleus

a. nucleus; cytoplasm

9. A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________. a. organ b. organelle c. organism d. organ system

a. organ

14. The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. a. potential energy b. kinetic energy c. radiant energy d. activation energy

a. potential energy

12. Which of the following is a function of the rough ER? a. production of proteins b. detoxification of certain substances c. synthesis of steroid hormones d. regulation of intracellular calcium concentration

a. production of proteins

6. The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________. a. protons b. neutrons c. electrons d. atoms

a. protons

22. Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. a. skeletal muscle only b. cardiac muscle only c. smooth muscle only d. skeletal and cardiac muscles

a. skeletal muscle only

21. Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? a. sodium ions and chloride ions b. NaCl molecules c. salt crystals d. red blood cells

a. sodium ions and chloride ions

15. The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. a. catabolic b. synthesis c. decomposition d. exchange

b. synthesis

23. Which of the following is not made out of RNA? a. the carriers that shuffle amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand b. the ribosome c. the messenger molecule that provides the code for protein synthesis d. the intron

b. the ribosome

8. Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have? a. one b. two c. three d. four

b. two

10. A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________. a. ionic bonds b. nonpolar covalent bonds c. polar covalent bonds d. hydrogen bonds

c. polar covalent bonds

6. Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot? a. microscopic anatomy b. muscle anatomy c. regional anatomy d. systemic anatomy

c. regional anatomy

12. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________. a. is the result of catabolism b. release energy in uncontrolled bursts c. stores energy for use by body cells d. All of the above

c. stores energy for use by body cells

18. Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________. a. blood vessels in the skin to constrict b. breathing to become slow and shallow c. sweat glands to increase their output d. All of the above

c. sweat glands to increase their output

26. Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy? a. CT scans b. PET scans c. ultrasounds d. X-rays

c. ultrasounds

20. What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?" a. The person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. b. The person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally c. The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. d. None of the above

d. None of the above

10. Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to ________. a. the walls of the pool b. the chlorine c. the flotation toys d. the water

d. the water

10. Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________. a. endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c. connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue d. epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium

b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

29. What multipotent stem cells from children sometimes banked by parents? a. fetal stem cells b. embryonic stem cells c. cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth d. hematopoietic stem cells from red and white blood cells

c. cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth

19. Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? a. areolar tissue b. adipose tissue c. dense regular connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue

c. dense regular connective tissue

8. Which of the following is not a type of tissue? a. muscle b. nervous c. embryonic d. epithelial

c. embryonic

28. Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? a. redness b. heat c. fever d. swelling

c. fever

31. Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________. a. diet b. exercise c. genetic factors d. stress

c. genetic factors

25. A mutation in the gene for a cyclin protein might result in which of the following? a. a cell with additional genetic material than normal b. cancer c. a cell with less genetic material than normal d. any of the above

d. any of the above

27. Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier? a. microglia b. neuroglia c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes

d. astrocytes

30. In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________. a. beta chain b. pleated sheet c. alpha helix d. double helix

d. double helix

17. Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________. a. loose connective tissue b. a tendon c. bone d. hyaline cartilage

d. hyaline cartilage

11. Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment? a. mesothelium b. lamina propria c. mesenteries d. mucosa

d. mucosa

21. In bone, the main cells are ________. a. fibroblasts b. chondrocytes c. lymphocytes d. osteocytes

d. osteocytes

4. Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________. a. calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon b. oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen c. sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

19. Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature b. chewing stores potential energy c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions d. saliva contains enzymes

d. saliva contains enzymes

11. Metabolism can be defined as the ________. a. adjustment by an organism to external or internal changes b. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions c. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

22. The lumbar region is ________. a. inferior to the gluteal region b. inferior to the umbilical region c. superior to the cervical region d. superior to the popliteal region

d. superior to the popliteal region

13. Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. b. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. c. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. d. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion.

a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.

17. After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________. a. a control center b. a set point c. effectors d. sensors

a. a control center

29. A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution

a. has both polar and nonpolar regions

15. The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms. a. holocrine; apocrine b. eccrine; endocrine c. apocrine; holocrine d. eccrine; apocrine

a. holocrine; apocrine

23. The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________. a. myoblasts b. endoderm c. fibrocytes d. chondrocytes

a. myoblasts

25. The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________. a. neurons b. oligodendrocytes c. astrocytes d. microglia

a. neurons

5. The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________. a. electron b. atom c. elemental particle d. isotope

b. atom

19. Which of the following is part of the elongation step of DNA synthesis? a. pulling apart the two DNA strands b. attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand c. untwisting the DNA helix d. none of the above

b. attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand

26. The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body. a. dendrite b. axon c. microglia d. collagen fiber

b. axon

16. Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? a. cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers c. collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers d. matrix, ground substance, and fluid

b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

19. Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? a. blood pressure regulation b. childbirth c. regulation of fluid balance d. temperature regulation

b. childbirth

27. What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans? a. release of radiation and poor quality images b. high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals c. can only view metabolically active tissues and inadequate availability of equipment d. release of radiation and the need for a patient to be confined to metal tube for up to 30 minutes

b. high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals

29. When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release? a. collagen b. histamine c. hyaluronic acid d. meylin

b. histamine

6. Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________. a. receptor proteins b. integral proteins c. peripheral proteins d. glycoproteins

b. integral proteins

30. Atrophy refers to ________. a. loss of elasticity b. loss of mass c. loss of rigidity d. loss of permeability

b. loss of mass

23. The heart is within the ________. a. cranial cavity b. mediastinum c. posterior (dorsal) cavity d. All of the above

b. mediastinum

20. In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. a. mesoderm b. mesenchyme c. ectoderm d. endoderm

b. mesenchyme

28. A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen

b. nucleic acids

9. Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________. a. filtration; phagocytosis b. osmosis; pinocytosis c. solutes; fluid d. gradient; chemical energy

b. osmosis; pinocytosis

32. The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. a. selectivity b. specificity c. subjectivity d. specialty

b. specificity

26. What is a primary function of tumor suppressor genes? a. stop all cells from dividing b. stop certain cells from dividing c. help oncogenes produce oncoproteins d. allow the cell to skip certain phases of the cell cycle

b. stop certain cells from dividing

14. Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct? a. transitional b. stratified columnar c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar d. stratified squamous

b. stratified columnar

20. Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA? a. DNA contains thymine whereas RNA contains uracil b. DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose c. DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars d. RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded

c. DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars

25. Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells? a. CT b. MRI c. PET d. ultrasonography

c. PET

13. Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? a. They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell. b. They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter. c. They are all polymers of protein subunits. d. They all help the cell resist compression and tension.

c. They are all polymers of protein subunits.

7. On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have ________. a. about 80 neutrons each b. fewer than 80 neutrons each c. more than 80 neutrons each d. more electrons than neutrons

c. more than 80 neutrons each

14. Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________. a. food b. nitrogen c. oxygen d. water

c. oxygen