Anatomy and Physiology First Exam

This kind of bonding, though quite weak, causes large molecules to fold into three dimensional shape: a. polar covalent b. non polar covalent c. ionic bond d. hydrogen bond

hydrogen bond

If a DNA molecule were known to be 22% thymine (T), what would be the percentage of guanine (G) present? A. 8% B. 11% C. 22% D. 28% E. 78%

28%

Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common? A. Very conspicuous fibers B. The presence of fibroblasts C. The presence of collagen D. Ground substance with a gelatinous to rubbery consistency E. A calcified matrix

A calcified matrix

What is the complementary DNA base sequence to the DNA strand TGCCAT? A. TGCCAT B. UGCCAU C. ACGGTA D. ACGGUA E. ACCGTA

ACGGTA

__________________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes. A. Blood B. Areolar tissue C. Osseous tissue D. Dense irregular connective tissue E. Adipose tissue

Areolar tissue

What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common? A. Both involve transport of a solute up its concentration gradient. B. Both involve transport of a solute down its concentration gradient. C. Both involve the use of energy provided by ATP. D. Neither require ATP to function. E. Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport.

Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport

Which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance? A. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) B. Proteoglycans C. Chondroitin sulfate D. Hyaluronic acid E. Collagen

Collagen

In the process of transcription, mRNA is copied from this: A. ribosomes B. DNA C. tRNA D. rRNA

DNA

__________ secrete __________ into __________. A. Goblet cells; mucus; the blood B. Endocrine glands; hormones; ducts C. Exocrine glands; hormones; ducts D. Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood E. Exocrine glands; mucus; the blood

Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood

__________________ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential. A. Excitable B. Responsive C. Adipose D. Epithelial E. Connective

Excitable

__________ provide motility to a sperm cell, __________ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells, and ____________ increase a cell's surface area. A. Cilia; microvilli; flagella B. Microvilli; cilia; flagella C. Microvilli; flagella; cilia D. Flagella; microvilli; cilia E. Flagella; cilia; microvilli

Flagella; cilia; microvilli

Which of the following organelles sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane-bound vesicles? A. Smooth ER B. Rough ER C. Golgi complex D. Mitochondrion E. Nucleolus

Golgi complex

Which of the following is not a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common? A. Most cells are not in direct contact with each other. B. Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope. C. Cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material. D. Protein fibers are usually present in the ground substance. E. Most connective tissues are highly vascular.

Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope.

Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue? A. Reticular tissue B. Hyaline cartilage C. Dense regular connective tissue D. Dense irregular connective tissue E. Areolar tissue

Hyaline cartilage

What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death? A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum B. Nucleus C. Centriole D. Lysosome E. Mitochondrion

Lysosome

__________ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. __________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products. A. Endocrine; Exocrine B. Mucous; Serous C. Cytogenic; Apocrine D. Mucous; Cutaneous E. Merocrine; Holocrine

Merocrine; Holocrine

__________ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seen in the __________. A. Transitional; tongue B. Keratinized; tongue C. Nonkeratinized; skin D. Keratinized; skin E. Nonkeratinized; vagina

Nonkeratinized; vagina

_________ decompose fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and drugs. A. Lysosomes B. Microvilli C. Inclusions D. Peroxisomes E. Golgi vesicles

Peroxisomes

What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed? A. Exocytosis B. Active transport C. Ciliary action D. Protein synthesis E. Osmosis

Protein synthesis

__________ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas __________ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion. A. Simple columnar; transitional B. Simple squamous; stratified squamous C. Simple cuboidal; pseudostratified D. Pseudostratified; simple squamous E. Pseudostratified; simple cuboidal

Simple squamous; stratified squamous

Which organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells? A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum C. Nucleus D. Mitochondrion E. Golgi complex

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

__________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas __________ epithelium is rare. A. Simple columnar; stratified columnar B. Stratified squamous; stratified columnar C. Pseudostratified; stratified squamous D. Simple cuboidal; stratified squamous E. Stratified squamous; simple squamous

Stratified squamous; stratified columnar

Which of these is an example of active transport? A. Diffusion of oxygen from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration B. Facilitated diffusion of K+ C. Transport of glucose down its concentration gradient D. Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration E. Transport of Cl- following its concentration gradient

Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration

The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called __________. A. the lamina propria B. endothelium C. a synovial membrane D. a serous membrane (serosa) E. a mucous membrane (mucosa)

a mucous membrane (mucosa)

The energy released by the breakdown of this molecule is used by cells for muscle contraction: a. adenosine diphosphate b. adenosine triphosphate c. cyclic adenosine monophosphate d. guanosine triphosphate

adenosine triphosphate

New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in __________. A. blood B. fibrous connective tissue C. adipose tissue D. reticular tissue E. transitional tissue

adipose tissue

The Golgi apparatus produces vesicles which contain proteins that can: A. be secreted by exocytosis B. become part of the plasma membrane C. be enzymes that are used within the cell D. all of these

all of these

The following statement can be said about enzymes: a. lowers activation energy of reactions b. b. regulates chemical activities in the body c. c. 3D shape is essential for normal function d. all of these e. b and c only

all of these

The sodium-potassium pump performs this function: A. uses ATP B. moves sodium ions out of the cell C. moves potassium ions into the cell D. all of these E. b and c only

all of these

This best describes the atomic number: a. the number of protons b. the number of electrons c. it is unique for each element d. all of these e. b and c only

all of these

This can be said of translation: A. it requires tRNA and ribosomes B. a codon specifies for one amino acid C. proteins are synthesized D. all of these E. a and b only

all of these

It is normal for breasts to shrink after lactation ceases. This is a consequence of __________ in human breast cells. A. necrosis B. apoptosis C. atrophy D. infarction E. gangrene

apoptosis

An example of a highly vascular tissue is __________ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is __________. A. epithelial; cartilage B. muscular; osseous tissue C. dense regular connective; dense irregular connective tissue D. areolar; cartilage E. nervous; osseous tissue

areolar; cartilage

A nonpolar covalent bond occurs when this happens: a. an atom loses it electron completely b. b. one atom attracts the shared electron more than the other c. atoms attract electrons equally d. two water molecules are attracted to each other

atoms attract electrons equally

Substances that accept H+ are known as this: a. bases b. acids c. buffers d. salts

bases

Oven cleaner, which has a pH of 14, is ____ and contains ____ OH- than a neutral solution: a. basic, more b. basic, less c. acid, less d. acid, more

basic, more

These substances may diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane: A. sodium and chloride ions B. glucose and amino acids C. carbon dioxide and oxygen D. entire cells

carbon dioxide and oxygen

Substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by that reaction are this: a. reactants b. products c. catalysts d. buffers

catalysts

This is the smallest unit of an organism that carries out the basic function of life: a. molecule b. organelle c. cell d. organ

cell

This polysaccharide provides humans with dietary fiber or bulk: a. starch b. cellulose c. glycogen d. lactose

cellulose

The rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted by __________, whereas _________ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue. A. chondroblasts; plasma cells B. mast cells; fibroblasts C. osteocytes; chondroblasts D. chondroblasts; fibroblasts E. adipocytes; plasma cells

chondroblasts; fibroblasts

The proteins found in the blood are this: a. solutes b. solvents c. colloid d. suspension

colloid

A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n) __________, a nerve fiber refers to a(n) __________, and a muscle fiber refers to a(n) __________. A. entire cell; organelle; tissue B. organelle; entire cell; part of a cell C. organelle; entire cell; complex of macromolecules D. complex of macromolecules; entire cell; part of a cell E. complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell

complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell

Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as ___________ glands. A. areolar B. simple acinar C. simple coiled tubular D. compound acinar E. compound tubuloacinar

compound acinar

This kind of reaction occurs when a large molecule, such as starch, is broken down into smaller ones, such as glucose: a. synthesis b. decomposition c. dehydration d. reversible

decomposition

Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both __________ and __________. A. dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues B. plasma; formed elements C. elastic cartilage; hyaline cartilage D. spongy bone; compact (dense) bone E. adipose tissue; reticular tissue

dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues

This structure separates the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities: a. pelvic brim b. mediastinum c. diaphragm d. lungs

diaphragm

This occurs when the cations and anions are attracted to the positive and negative ends of water molecules: a. ionic bonding b. dissociation c. covalent bonding d. hydrogen bonding

dissociation

This directional term describes the position of the antebrachium compared to the brachium: a. proximal b. distal c. superficial d. inferior

distal

The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of __________. A. dense regular connective tissue B. dense irregular connective tissue C. elastic cartilage D. fibrocartilage E. ligaments

elastic cartilage

The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of __________ tissue. A. interstitial B. muscle C. adipose D. epithelial E. nervous

epithelial

The membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of _________. A. simple squamous epithelium and dense irregular connective tissue B. areolar and dense irregular connective tissue C. epithelium and lamina propria D. areolar tissue and lamina propria E. simple squamous epithelium and areolar tissue

epithelium and lamina propria

The basement membrane is found between __________ and __________. A. epithelium; connective tissue B. epithelium; extracellular material C. epithelium; intracellular material D. extracellular material; intracellular material E. interstitial fluid; extracellular fluid

epithelium; connective tissue

The fluid outside of a cell is called __________. A. cytosol B. intracellular fluid C. extracellular fluid D. cytoplasm E. nucleoplasm

extracellular fluid

DNA contains the complementary base pairs: cytosine-guanine & adenine-uracil True/False

false

The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called _________. A. necrosis B. apoptosis C. gangrene D. regeneration E. fibrosis

fibrosis

The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except _________ tissue. A. connective B. fibrous C. nervous D. epithelial E. muscular

fibrous

A __________ contains the necessary information for the production of a molecule of RNA. A. genome B. gene C. nucleotide D. genetic code E. Codon

gene

In humans, this polysaccharide is used for energy storage: a. sucrose b. cellulose c. starch d. glycogen e. glucose

glycogen

A protein that is bound to a carbohydrate is called a _________. A. phosphoprotein B. proteocalyx C. glycoprotein D. lipoprotein E. phospholipid

glycoprotein

Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have _________ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes. A. fibrous B. blood C. basal D. keratinized E. goblet

goblet

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This means the concentration of solutes in the solution is __________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and will cause the cell to ______________. A. higher; swell B. lower; swell C. higher; shrink D. lower; shrink E. lower; burst

higher; shrink

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including _________. A. helping to transfer charges in the nervous system B. holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance C. giving bone its brittle, inorganic structure D. providing the major structural support of tendons and ligaments E. acting as an energy reserve for muscle contraction

holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance

Most transmembrane proteins have ___________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and __________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. A. hydrophilic; hydrophilic B. hydrophilic; hydrophobic C. hydrophobic; hydrophobic D. hydrophobic; hydrophilic

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have __________. A. hyperextensible joints B. a small cranium C. elastic bones D. stronger bones E. viscous blood

hyperextensible joints

After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to __________ of muscle cells. A. hyperplasia B. neoplasia C. hypertrophy D. metaplasia E. atrophy

hypertrophy

A red blood cell is placed into an unknown solution. Later, the cells appear to be swollen and some have burst. You conclude that the solution is this: A. isotonic B. hypotonic C. hypertonic

hypotonic

When a boy is standing on his head, his chin is _______ to his mouth. a. superior b. inferior c. proximal d. distal

inferior

Which of the following is not one of the three basic components of a cell? A. Cytoplasm B. Nucleus C. Plasma membrane D. Interstitial fluid

interstitial fluid

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is held together by this kind of bonding: a. polar covalent b. nonpolar covalent c. ionic d. hydrogen

ionic

A patient was severely dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of normal saline. Normal saline is ________ to your blood cells and is about __________ NaCl. A. isotonic; 9% B. isotonic; 0.9% C. hypertonic; 9% D. hypotonic; 0.9% E. hypotonic; 9%

isotonic; 0.9%

Na+ (sodium ion) is a cation because of this: a. it has gained an electron b. it has lost a proton c. it is negatively charged d. it is positively charged

it is positively charged

In its second-messenger role, cAMP activates enzymes called _________, whose job is to regulate other enzymes by adding phosphate groups to them. A. transmembrane proteins B. peripheral proteins C. kinases D. glycocalyx E. blockers

kinases

Cells that synthesize large amounts of lipids would have this: A. large amounts of smooth ER B. large amounts of rough ER C. large numbers of mitochondria D. large numbers of lysosomes

large amounts of smooth ER

The histological section that divides a specimen along its long axis is called a(n) __________ section. A. cross B. oblique C. transverse D. sagittal E. longitudinal

longitudinal

The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of __________. A. neoplasia B. metaplasia C. atrophy D. differentiation E. hyperplasia

metaplasia

The plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has __________, which are specialized for absorption of nutrients. A. flagella B. cilia C. microvilli D. a glycocalyx E. dynein arms

microvilli

Muscle cells contain numerous __________ to serve their high demand for ATP. A. ribosomes B. lysosomes C. mitochondria D. inclusions E. Golgi vesicles

mitochondria

This organelle produces large amounts of ATP: A. ribosomes B. nucleus C. mitochondria D. endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria

Mucin is secreted by__________ glands, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product. _________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid. A. mucous; serous B. merocrine; holocrine C. apocrine; mixed D. endocrine; exocrine E. serous; mucous

mucous; serous

Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and __________. A. fibroblasts B. chondrocytes C. neuroglia D. myocytes E. osteocytes

neuroglia

These channel proteins are always open and are responsible for the permeability of the plasma membrane to ions: A. gated ion channels B. nongated ion channels C. ligand-gated channels (ligand regualted gates) D. voltage-gated ion channels (voltage-regulate gates)

nongated ion channels

Transcription occurs in the __________, but most translation occurs in the __________. A. nucleus; cytoplasm B. nucleus; nucleolus C. cytoplasm; nucleus D. nucleolus; cytoplasm E. nucleolus; rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleus; cytoplasm

The number of particles of a solute in a solution is described by its ____________. The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell is referred to as its __________. A. tonicity; osmolarity B. osmolarity; diffusion C. osmolarity; tonicity D. osmolarity; molarity E. tonicity; diffusion

osmolarity; tonicity

This occurs when an excess of H+ are added to a solution: a. pH decreases, acidity decreases b. pH decreases, acidity increases c. pH increases, acidity decreases d. pH increases, acidity increases

pH decreases, acidity increases

Proteins that do not protrude into the phospholipid bilayer, but adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called __________. A. peripheral proteins B. channel proteins C. glycoproteins D. integral proteins E. transmembrane proteins

peripheral proteins

With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ___________. A. release histamine to increase blood flow to the area B. produce and secrete collagenous fibers C. phagocytize and digest tissue debris D. stimulate epithelial cells to multiply E. make capillaries more permeable allowing white blood cells to migrate into the area

phagocytize and digest tissue debris

The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are __________. A. glycolipids B. phospholipids C. prostaglandins D. proteins E. cholesterol molecules

phospholipids

The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called _________. A. proteoglycans B. glycolipids C. glycoproteins D. phospholipids E. lipoproteins

phospholipids

These molecules make up the bilayer found in the cell membrane: A. proteins B. phospholipids C. carbohydrates D. cholesterol

phospholipids

These subatomic particles account for most of the mass of an atom: a. protons and neutrons b. protons and electrons c. protons only d. electrons only

protons and neutrons

All cells in _______ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia. A. pseudostratified columnar B. simple columnar C. stratified columnar D. stratified cuboidal E. stratified squamous

pseudostratified columnar

Membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate are called __________. A. receptors B. enzymes C. carriers D. cell-identity markers E. cell-adhesion molecules

receptors

The term _____________ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others. A. selectively permeable B. glycocalyx C. phospholipid bilayer D. specificity E. carrier-mediated

selectively permeable

An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called __________ epithelium. A. stratified squamous B. stratified cuboidal C. simple cuboidal D. simple columnar E. pseudostratified columnar

simple columnar

A brush border of microvilli is found in __________ epithelium, which can be found in the __________. A. pseudostratified; nasal cavity B. simple cuboidal; esophagus C. simple columnar; small intestine D. stratified squamous; anal canal E. stratified squamous; esophagus

simple columnar; small intestine

Most kidney tubules are made of __________ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion. A. simple columnar B. stratified columnar C. pseudostratified columnar D. simple cuboidal E. stratified cuboidal

simple cuboidal

Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through __________ epithelium. A. simple squamous B. simple cuboidal C. simple columnar D. keratinized stratified squamous E. nonkeratinized stratified squamous

simple squamous

Which of the following organelles is not involved in protein synthesis? A. Smooth ER B. Rough ER C. The Golgi complex D. The nucleus E. Ribosomes

smooth ER

Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of __________. A. DNA B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. microtubules D. cilia E. centrioles

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through their digestive tracts because __________. A. smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract B. skeletal muscle puts pressure on the digestive tract C. cardiac muscle maintains a high pressure that moves material through the digestive tract D. striated muscle creates a pressure gradient that forces material from one end of the digestive tract to the other E. skeletal muscle sphincters contract and allow materials to move through the digestive tract

smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract

Skeletal muscle is described as __________. A. striated and voluntary B. striated and involuntary C. nonstriated and voluntary D. nonstriated and involuntary E. fibrous and containing ground substance

striated and voluntary

Collagenous fibers are very abundant in __________. A. blood and hyaline cartilage B. blood, adipose tissue, and osseous tissue C. ligaments, bones, and the most superficial portion of the skin D. tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin E. areolar tissue, tongue, and bones

tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin

This structure of a protein comes from the further bending and folding of pleated sheets and helices: a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. quaternary

tertiary

In the intestine, __________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them. A. the plasma membrane B. desmosomes C. tight junctions D. gap (communicating) junctions E. ground substance

tight junctions

This level of organization consists of groups of similar looking cells with its surrounding material working together to perform a function: a. chemical b. cellular c. tissue d. organ

tissue

Copying genetic information from DNA into RNA is called __________; using the information contained in mRNA to make a polypeptide is called __________. A. transcription; translation B. translation; transcription C. DNA replication; translation D. DNA duplication; transcription E. DNA translation; RNA transcription

transcription; translation

Found in the urinary bladder, __________ epithelium resembles __________ epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened. A. transitional; stratified squamous B. stratified squamous; pseudostratified C. stratified squamous; stratified columnar D. simple columnar; pseudostratified E. transitional; simple cuboidal

transitional; stratified squamous

Blood functions to __________________. A. allow for heart contraction and relaxation B. store energy for the heart C. provide support to the heart D. line the heart chambers E. transport nutrients to the tissues

transport nutrients to the tissues

Water dissolves a broad range of substances, is cohesive because of hydrogen bonding and provides lubrication to membranes in the body. True/False

true

The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called ____________. A. up; active transport B. up; facilitated transport C. up; cotransport D. down; active transport E. down; countertransport

up; active transport

Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then __________. A. the solute will pass down its concentration gradient from solution A to B B. the solute will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A C. water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution A to B D. water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A E. neither the solute nor water will diffuse

water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A